Decoded picture buffer management

ABSTRACT

Techniques are described related to output and removal of decoded pictures from a decoded picture buffer (DPB). The example techniques may remove a decoded picture from the DPB prior to coding a current picture. For instance, the example techniques may remove the decoded picture if that decoded picture is not identified in the reference picture set of the current picture.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/702,045 filed Dec. 3, 2019 (pending), which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 16/032,637 filed Jul. 11, 2018 (now grantedas U.S. Pat. No. 10,542,285), which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/622,972 filed Sep. 19, 2012 (now granted as U.S.Pat. No. 10,034,018, issued on Jul. 24, 2018), and claims the benefit ofthe following:

U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/538,787, filed Sep. 23, 2011;

U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/539,433, filed on Sep. 26,2011; and

U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/542,034, filed on Sep. 30,2011, the entire contents of each of which is incorporated by referencein its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to video coding and, more particularly, totechniques for coding video data.

BACKGROUND

Digital video capabilities can be incorporated into a wide range ofdevices, including digital televisions, digital direct broadcastsystems, wireless broadcast systems, personal digital assistants (PDAs),laptop or desktop computers, tablet computers, e-book readers, digitalcameras, digital recording devices, digital media players, video gamingdevices, video game consoles, cellular or satellite radio telephones,so-called “smart phones,” video teleconferencing devices, videostreaming devices, and the like. Digital video devices implement videocompression techniques, such as those described in the standards definedby MPEG-2, MPEG-4, ITU-T H.263, ITU-T H.264/MPEG-4, Part 10, AdvancedVideo Coding (AVC), the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standardpresently under development, and extensions of such standards. The videodevices may transmit, receive, encode, decode, and/or store digitalvideo information more efficiently by implementing such videocompression techniques.

Video compression techniques perform spatial (intra-picture) predictionand/or temporal (inter-picture) prediction to reduce or removeredundancy inherent in video sequences. For block-based video coding, avideo slice (i.e., a video picture or a portion of a video picture) maybe partitioned into video blocks, which may also be referred to astreeblocks, coding tree blocks (CTBs), coding tree units (CTUs), codingunits (CUs) and/or coding nodes. Video blocks in an intra-coded (I)slice of a picture are encoded using spatial prediction with respect toreference samples in neighboring blocks in the same picture. Videoblocks in an inter-coded (P or B) slice of a picture may use spatialprediction with respect to reference samples in neighboring blocks inthe same picture or temporal prediction with respect to referencesamples in other reference pictures. Pictures may be referred to asframes, and reference pictures may be referred to a reference frames.

Spatial or temporal prediction results in a predictive block for a blockto be coded. Residual data represents pixel differences between theoriginal block to be coded and the predictive block. An inter-codedblock is encoded according to a motion vector that points to a block ofreference samples forming the predictive block, and the residual dataindicating the difference between the coded block and the predictiveblock. An intra-coded block is encoded according to an intra-coding modeand the residual data. For further compression, the residual data may betransformed from the pixel domain to a transform domain, resulting inresidual transform coefficients, which then may be quantized. Thequantized transform coefficients, initially arranged in atwo-dimensional array, may be scanned in order to produce aone-dimensional vector of transform coefficients, and entropy coding maybe applied to achieve even more compression.

SUMMARY

In general, this disclosure describes techniques related to deriving areference picture set for use in video coding. For example, thereference picture set may constitute a combination of a plurality ofreference picture subsets. Each of the reference picture subsets mayidentify a plurality of potential reference pictures, but less than allpotential reference pictures. In example techniques described in thisdisclosure, a video coder (encoder or decoder) may construct multiplelists that each includes identifiers of a subset of the potentialreference pictures. From theses multiple lists, the video coder mayconstruct the plurality of reference picture subsets, which results inthe video coder deriving the reference picture set.

In addition to techniques related to deriving the reference picture set,this disclosure describes simplified reference picture listinitialization techniques. Such reference picture list initializationmay remove the need to reorder the reference pictures. For example, ifreference picture list modification is not needed, then the initialreference picture lists may form the final reference picture lists, andmay not require any further reordering. The techniques may also bedirected to constructing the reference picture list in a manner wherethe video coder repeatedly adds reference pictures to the referencepicture list until the entries the reference picture list is equal tothe maximum allowable number of entries.

In some examples, the techniques are directed to reference picture listmodification. For example, the video coder may modify the initialreference picture list by referring to one or more of the referencepicture subsets, and including one or more pictures in the referencepicture subsets in the reference picture list after the construction ofthe initial reference picture list.

In some examples, the video coder may perform decoded picture buffer(DPB) management. In these examples, the video coder may remove decodedpictures from the DPB if the decoded picture does not belong to thereference picture set. In some instances, the video coder may remove thedecoded picture prior to the coding of the current picture.

In one example, the disclosure describes a method for coding video datathat includes coding information indicative of reference pictures thatbelong to a reference picture set. In this example, the referencepicture set identifies the reference pictures that can potentially beused for inter-predicting a current picture and can potentially be usedfor inter-predicting one or more pictures following the current picturein decoding order. The method also includes constructing a plurality ofreference picture subsets that each identifies zero or more of thereference pictures of the reference picture set, and coding the currentpicture based on the plurality of reference picture subsets.

In one example, the disclosure describes a device for coding video data.The device includes a video coder that is configured to code informationindicative of reference pictures that belong to a reference picture set.In this example, the reference picture set identifies the referencepictures that can potentially be used for inter-predicting a currentpicture and can potentially be used for inter-predicting one or morepictures following the current picture in decoding order. The videocoder is also configured to construct a plurality of reference picturesubsets that each identifies zero or more of the reference pictures ofthe reference picture set, and code the current picture based on theplurality of reference picture subsets.

In one example, the disclosure describes a computer-readable storagemedium having stored thereon instruction that, when executed, cause aprocessor of a device for coding video data to code informationindicative of reference pictures that belong to a reference picture set.In this example, the reference picture set identifies the referencepictures that can potentially be used for inter-predicting a currentpicture and can potentially be used for inter-predicting one or morepictures following the current picture in decoding order. Theinstructions also cause the processor to construct a plurality ofreference picture subsets that each identifies zero or more of thereference pictures of the reference picture set, and code the currentpicture based on the plurality of reference picture subsets.

In one example, the disclosure describes a device for coding video data.The device includes means for coding information indicative of referencepictures that belong to a reference picture set. In this example, thereference picture set identifies the reference pictures that canpotentially be used for inter-predicting a current picture and canpotentially be used for inter-predicting one or more pictures followingthe current picture in decoding order. The device also includes meansfor constructing a plurality of reference picture subsets that eachidentifies zero or more of the reference pictures of the referencepicture set, and means for coding the current picture based on theplurality of reference picture subsets.

In one example, the disclosure describes a method for coding video data,the method includes coding information indicative of reference picturesthat belong to a reference picture set. In this example, the referencepicture set identifies the reference pictures that can potentially beused for inter-predicting a current picture and can potentially be usedfor inter-predicting one or more pictures following the current picturein decoding order. The method also includes constructing a plurality ofreference picture subsets that each identifies zero or more of thereference pictures of the reference picture set, adding referencepictures from a first subset of the plurality of reference picturesubsets, followed by reference pictures from a second subset of theplurality of reference picture subsets, and followed by referencepictures from a third subset of the plurality of reference picturesubsets into a reference picture list as long as a number of referencepicture list entries is not greater than a maximum number of allowablereference list entries, and coding the current picture based on thereference picture list.

In one example, the disclosure describes a device for coding video data.The device includes a video coder configured to code informationindicative of reference pictures that belong to a reference picture set.In this example, the reference picture set identifies the referencepictures that can potentially be used for inter-predicting a currentpicture and can potentially be used for inter-predicting one or morepictures following the current picture in decoding order. The videocoder is also configured to construct a plurality of reference picturesubsets that each identifies zero or more of the reference pictures ofthe reference picture set, add reference pictures from a first subset ofthe plurality of reference picture subsets, followed by referencepictures from a second subset of the plurality of reference picturesubsets, and followed by reference pictures from a third subset of theplurality of reference picture subsets into a reference picture list aslong as a number of reference picture list entries is not greater than amaximum number of allowable reference list entries, and code the currentpicture based on the reference picture list.

In one example, the disclosure describes a computer-readable storagemedium having stored thereon instruction that, when executed, cause aprocessor of a device for coding video data to code informationindicative of reference pictures that belong to a reference picture set.In this example, the reference picture set identifies the referencepictures that can potentially be used for inter-predicting a currentpicture and can potentially be used for inter-predicting one or morepictures following the current picture in decoding order. Theinstructions also cause the processor to construct a plurality ofreference picture subsets that each identifies zero or more of thereference pictures of the reference picture set, add reference picturesfrom a first subset of the plurality of reference picture subsets,followed by reference pictures from a second subset of the plurality ofreference picture subsets, and followed by reference pictures from athird subset of the plurality of reference picture subsets into areference picture list as long as a number of reference picture listentries is not greater than a maximum number of allowable reference listentries, and code the current picture based on the reference picturelist.

In one example, the disclosure describes a device for coding video data.The device includes means for coding information indicative of referencepictures that belong to a reference picture set. In this example, thereference picture set identifies the reference pictures that canpotentially be used for inter-predicting a current picture and canpotentially be used for inter-predicting one or more pictures followingthe current picture in decoding order. The device also includes meansfor constructing a plurality of reference picture subsets that eachidentifies zero or more of the reference pictures of the referencepicture set, means for adding reference pictures from a first subset ofthe plurality of reference picture subsets, followed by referencepictures from a second subset of the plurality of reference picturesubsets, and followed by reference pictures from a third subset of theplurality of reference picture subsets into a reference picture list aslong as a number of reference picture list entries is not greater than amaximum number of allowable reference list entries, and means for codingthe current picture based on the reference picture list.

In one example, the disclosure describes a method for coding video data,the method includes coding information indicative of reference picturesthat belong to a reference picture set. In this example, the referencepicture set identifies the reference pictures that can potentially beused for inter-predicting a current picture and can potentially be usedfor inter-predicting one or more pictures following the current picturein decoding order. The method also includes constructing a plurality ofreference picture subsets that each identifies zero or more of thereference pictures of the reference picture set, adding referencepictures from the plurality of reference picture subsets into a firstset of entries in a reference picture list, determining whether a numberof entries in the reference picture list is equal to a maximum number ofallowable entries in the reference picture list, when the number ofentries in the reference picture list is not equal to the maximum numberof allowable entries in the reference picture list, repeatedly re-addingone or more reference pictures from at least one of the referencepicture subsets into entries in the reference picture list that aresubsequent to the first set of entries until the number of entries inthe reference picture list is equal to the maximum number of allowableentries in the reference picture list, and coding the current picturebased on the reference picture list.

In one example, the disclosure describes a device for coding video data.The device includes a video coder configured to code informationindicative of reference pictures that belong to a reference picture set.In this example, the reference picture set identifies the referencepictures that can potentially be used for inter-predicting a currentpicture and can potentially be used for inter-predicting one or morepictures following the current picture in decoding order. The videocoder is also configured to construct a plurality of reference picturesubsets that each identifies zero or more of the reference pictures ofthe reference picture set, add reference pictures from the plurality ofreference picture subsets into a first set of entries in a referencepicture list, determine whether a number of entries in the referencepicture list is equal to a maximum number of allowable entries in thereference picture list, when the number of entries in the referencepicture list is not equal to the maximum number of allowable entries inthe reference picture list, repeatedly re-add one or more referencepictures from at least one of the reference picture subsets into entriesin the reference picture list that are subsequent to the first set ofentries until the number of entries in the reference picture list isequal to the maximum number of allowable entries in the referencepicture list, and code the current picture based on the referencepicture list.

In one example, the disclosure describes a computer-readable storagemedium having stored thereon instructions that, when executed, cause aprocessor of a device for coding video data to code informationindicative of reference pictures that belong to a reference picture set.In this example, the reference picture set identifies the referencepictures that can potentially be used for inter-predicting a currentpicture and can potentially be used for inter-predicting one or morepictures following the current picture in decoding order. Theinstructions also cause the processor to construct a plurality ofreference picture subsets that each identifies zero or more of thereference pictures of the reference picture set, add reference picturesfrom the plurality of reference picture subsets into a first set ofentries in a reference picture list, determine whether a number ofentries in the reference picture list is equal to a maximum number ofallowable entries in the reference picture list, when the number ofentries in the reference picture list is not equal to the maximum numberof allowable entries in the reference picture list, repeatedly re-addone or more reference pictures from at least one of the referencepicture subsets into entries in the reference picture list that aresubsequent to the first set of entries until the number of entries inthe reference picture list is equal to the maximum number of allowableentries in the reference picture list, and code the current picturebased on the reference picture list.

In one example, the disclosure describes a device for coding video data.The device includes means for coding information indicative of referencepictures that belong to a reference picture set. In this example, thereference picture set identifies the reference pictures that canpotentially be used for inter-predicting a current picture and canpotentially be used for inter-predicting one or more pictures followingthe current picture in decoding order. The device also includes meansfor constructing a plurality of reference picture subsets that eachidentifies zero or more of the reference pictures of the referencepicture set, means for adding reference pictures from the plurality ofreference picture subsets into a first set of entries in a referencepicture list, means for determining whether a number of entries in thereference picture list is equal to a maximum number of allowable entriesin the reference picture list, when the number of entries in thereference picture list is not equal to the maximum number of allowableentries in the reference picture list, means for repeatedly re-addingone or more reference pictures from at least one of the referencepicture subsets into entries in the reference picture list that aresubsequent to the first set of entries until the number of entries inthe reference picture list is equal to the maximum number of allowableentries in the reference picture list, and means for coding the currentpicture based on the reference picture list.

In one example, the disclosure describes a method for coding video data,the method includes coding information indicative of reference picturesthat belong to a reference picture set. In this example, the referencepicture set identifies the reference pictures that can potentially beused for inter-predicting a current picture and can potentially be usedfor inter-predicting one or more pictures following the current picturein decoding order. The method also includes constructing a plurality ofreference picture subsets that each identifies zero or more of thereference pictures of the reference picture set, constructing an initialreference picture list based on the constructed reference picturesubsets, and when reference picture modification is needed identifying areference picture in at least one of the constructed reference picturesubsets, and adding the identified reference picture in a current entryof the initial reference picture to construct a modified referencepicture list. The method further includes coding the current picturebased on the modified reference picture list.

In one example, the disclosure describes a device for coding video data.The device includes a video coder configured to code informationindicative of reference pictures that belong to a reference picture set.In this example, the reference picture set identifies the referencepictures that can potentially be used for inter-predicting a currentpicture and can potentially be used for inter-predicting one or morepictures following the current picture in decoding order. The videocoder is also configured to construct a plurality of reference picturesubsets that each identifies zero or more of the reference pictures ofthe reference picture set, construct an initial reference picture listbased on the constructed reference picture subsets, and when referencepicture modification is needed identify a reference picture in at leastone of the constructed reference picture subsets, and add the identifiedreference picture in a current entry of the initial reference picture toconstruct a modified reference picture list. The video coder is alsoconfigured to code the current picture based on the modified referencepicture list.

In one example, the disclosure describes a computer-readable storagemedium having stored thereon instructions that, when executed, cause aprocessor of a device for coding video data to code informationindicative of reference pictures that belong to a reference picture set.In this example, the reference picture set identifies the referencepictures that can potentially be used for inter-predicting a currentpicture and can potentially be used for inter-predicting one or morepictures following the current picture in decoding order. Theinstructions also cause the processor to construct a plurality ofreference picture subsets that each identifies zero or more of thereference pictures of the reference picture set, construct an initialreference picture list based on the constructed reference picturesubsets, and when reference picture modification is needed identify areference picture in at least one of the constructed reference picturesubsets, and add the identified reference picture in a current entry ofthe initial reference picture to construct a modified reference picturelist. The instructions also cause the processor to code the currentpicture based on the modified reference picture list.

In one example, the disclosure describes a device for coding video data.The device includes means for coding information indicative of referencepictures that belong to a reference picture set. In this example, thereference picture set identifies the reference pictures that canpotentially be used for inter-predicting a current picture and canpotentially be used for inter-predicting one or more pictures followingthe current picture in decoding order. The device also includes meansfor constructing a plurality of reference picture subsets that eachidentifies zero or more of the reference pictures of the referencepicture set, means for constructing an initial reference picture listbased on the constructed reference picture subsets, and when referencepicture modification is needed means for identifying a reference picturein at least one of the constructed reference picture subsets, and meansfor adding the identified reference picture in a current entry of theinitial reference picture to construct a modified reference picturelist. The device also includes means for coding the current picturebased on the modified reference picture list.

In one example, the disclosure describes a method for coding video data,the method includes coding information indicative of reference picturesthat belong to a reference picture set. In this example, the referencepicture set identifies the reference pictures that can potentially beused for inter-predicting a current picture and can potentially be usedfor inter-predicting one or more pictures following the current picturein decoding order. The method includes deriving the reference pictureset based on the coded information, determining whether a decodedpicture stored in a decoded picture buffer (DPB) is not needed foroutput and is not identified in the reference picture set, when thedecoded picture is not needed for output and is not identified in thereference picture set, removing the decoded picture from the DPB, andsubsequent to the removing of the decoded picture, coding the currentpicture.

In one example, the disclosure describes a device for coding video data.The device includes a video coder configured to code informationindicative of reference pictures that belong to a reference picture set.In this example, the reference picture set identifies the referencepictures that can potentially be used for inter-predicting a currentpicture and can potentially be used for inter-predicting one or morepictures following the current picture in decoding order. The videocoder is also configured to derive the reference picture set based onthe coded information, determine whether a decoded picture stored in adecoded picture buffer (DPB) is not needed for output and is notidentified in the reference picture set, when the decoded picture is notneeded for output and is not identified in the reference picture set,remove the decoded picture from the DPB, and subsequent to the removingof the decoded picture, code the current picture.

In one example, the disclosure describes a computer-readable storagemedium having stored thereon instructions that, when executed, cause aprocessor of a device for coding video data to code informationindicative of reference pictures that belong to a reference picture set.In this example, the reference picture set identifies the referencepictures that can potentially be used for inter-predicting a currentpicture and can potentially be used for inter-predicting one or morepictures following the current picture in decoding order. Theinstructions also cause the processor to derive the reference pictureset based on the coded information, determine whether a decoded picturestored in a decoded picture buffer (DPB) is not needed for output and isnot identified in the reference picture set, when the decoded picture isnot needed for output and is not identified in the reference pictureset, remove the decoded picture from the DPB, and subsequent to theremoving of the decoded picture, code the current picture.

In one example, the disclosure describes a device for coding video data.The device includes means for coding information indicative of referencepictures that belong to a reference picture set. In this example, thereference picture set identifies the reference pictures that canpotentially be used for inter-predicting a current picture and canpotentially be used for inter-predicting one or more pictures followingthe current picture in decoding order. The device also includes meansfor deriving the reference picture set based on the coded information,means for determining whether a decoded picture stored in a decodedpicture buffer (DPB) is not needed for output and is not identified inthe reference picture set, when the decoded picture is not needed foroutput and is not identified in the reference picture set, means forremoving the decoded picture from the DPB, and subsequent to theremoving of the decoded picture, means for coding the current picture.

In one example, the disclosure describes a method coding video data, themethod includes coding syntax elements indicating candidate long-termreference pictures identified in a parameter set. In this example, oneor more of the candidate long-term reference pictures belong in areference picture set of a current picture. Also, in this example, thereference picture set identifies reference pictures that can potentiallybe used for inter-predicting the current picture and can potentially beused for inter-predicting one or more pictures following the currentpicture in decoding order. The method also includes coding syntaxelements that indicate which candidate long-term reference pictures,identified in the parameter set, belong in the reference picture set ofthe current picture, and constructing at least one of a plurality ofreference picture subsets based on the indication of which candidatelong-term reference pictures belong in the reference picture set of thecurrent picture. In this example, the plurality of reference picturesubsets form the reference picture set.

In one example, the disclosure describes a device for coding video data.The device includes a video coder configured to code syntax elementsindicating candidate long-term reference pictures identified in aparameter set. In this example, one or more of the candidate long-termreference pictures belong in a reference picture set of a currentpicture. Also, in this example, the reference picture set identifiesreference pictures that can potentially be used for inter-predicting thecurrent picture and can potentially be used for inter-predicting one ormore pictures following the current picture in decoding order. The videocoder is also configured to code syntax elements that indicate whichcandidate long-term reference pictures, identified in the parameter set,belong in the reference picture set of the current picture, andconstruct at least one of a plurality of reference picture subsets basedon the indication of which candidate long-term reference pictures belongin the reference picture set of the current picture. In this example,the plurality of reference picture subsets form the reference pictureset.

In one example, the disclosure describes a computer-readable storagemedium having stored thereon instructions that, when executed, cause aprocessor of a device for coding video data to code syntax elementsindicating candidate long-term reference pictures identified in aparameter set. In this example, one or more of the candidate long-termreference pictures belong in a reference picture set of a currentpicture. Also, in this example, the reference picture set identifiesreference pictures that can potentially be used for inter-predicting thecurrent picture and can potentially be used for inter-predicting one ormore pictures following the current picture in decoding order. Theinstructions also cause the processor to code syntax elements thatindicate which candidate long-term reference pictures, identified in theparameter set, belong in the reference picture set of the currentpicture, and construct at least one of a plurality of reference picturesubsets based on the indication of which candidate long-term referencepictures belong in the reference picture set of the current picture. Inthis example, the plurality of reference picture subsets form thereference picture set.

In one example, the disclosure describes a device for coding video data.The device includes means for coding syntax elements indicatingcandidate long-term reference pictures identified in a parameter set. Inthis example, one or more of the candidate long-term reference picturesbelong in a reference picture set of a current picture. Also, in thisexample, the reference picture set identifies reference pictures thatcan potentially be used for inter-predicting the current picture and canpotentially be used for inter-predicting one or more pictures followingthe current picture in decoding order. The device also includes meansfor coding syntax elements that indicate which candidate long-termreference pictures, identified in the parameter set, belong in thereference picture set of the current picture, and means for constructingat least one of a plurality of reference picture subsets based on theindication of which candidate long-term reference pictures belong in thereference picture set of the current picture. In this example, theplurality of reference picture subsets form the reference picture set.

The details of one or more examples are set forth in the accompanyingdrawings and the description below. Other features, objects, andadvantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and fromthe claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example video encoding anddecoding system that may utilize techniques described in thisdisclosure.

FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example video sequencethat includes a plurality of pictures that are encoded and transmitted.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example video encoder that mayimplement the techniques described in this disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example video decoder that mayimplement the techniques described in this disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating an example operation of deriving areference picture set.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating an example operation of constructinga reference picture list.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating another example operation ofconstructing a reference picture list.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating an example operation of modifying aninitial reference picture list.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an example operation of decodedpicture removal.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating an example operation of determiningwhich long-term reference pictures belong to the reference picture setof a current picture.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The techniques of this disclosure are generally directed to themanagement of reference pictures that are used for inter-prediction. Forexample, a video coder (e.g., a video encoder or a video decoder)includes a decoded picture buffer (DPB). The DPB stores decodedpictures, including reference pictures. Reference pictures are picturesthat can potentially be used for inter-predicting a picture. In otherwords, the video coder may predict a picture, during coding (encoding ordecoding) of that picture, based on one or more reference picturesstored in the DPB.

To efficiently utilize the DPB, the DPB management process may bespecified, such as the storage process of decoded pictures in the DPB,the marking process of the reference pictures, the output and removalprocess of the decoded pictures from the DPB, and so forth. In general,in some current and developing video coding standards, the DPBmanagement may include one or more of the following aspects: pictureidentification and reference picture identification, reference picturelist construction, reference picture marking, picture output from theDPB, picture insertion into the DPB, and picture removal from the DPB.

To assist with understanding, the following provides a brief descriptionof how reference picture marking and reference picture list constructionmay occur in accordance with some video coding standards. Some of thetechniques described in this disclosure address issues that may bepresent in reference picture marking, reference picture listconstruction, and DPB picture removal and output so as to improveefficiency of the utilization of the DPB.

For reference picture marking, the maximum number, referred to as M(num_ref_frames), of reference pictures used for inter-prediction isindicated in the active sequence parameter set. When a reference pictureis decoded, it is marked as “used for reference.” If the decoding of thereference picture caused more than M pictures marked as “used forreference,” at least one picture must be marked as “unused forreference.” The DPB removal process then would remove pictures marked as“unused for reference” from the DPB if they are not needed for output aswell.

When a picture is decoded, it may be either a non-reference picture or areference picture. A reference picture may be a long-term referencepicture or short-term reference picture, and when it is marked as“unused for reference”, it may become no longer needed for reference. Insome video coding standards, there may be reference picture markingoperations that change the status of the reference pictures.

There may be two types of operations for the reference picture marking:sliding window and adaptive memory control. The operation mode forreference picture marking may be selected on picture basis; whereas,sliding window operation may work as a first-in-first-out queue with afixed number of short-term reference pictures. In other words,short-term reference pictures with earliest decoding time may be thefirst to be removed (marked as picture not used for reference), in animplicit fashion.

The adaptive memory control however removes short-term or long-termpictures explicitly. It also enables switching the status of theshort-term and long-term pictures, etc. For example, in adaptive memorycontrol, a video encoder may signal syntax elements that specify whichpictures should be marked as used for reference. The video decoder mayreceive the syntax elements and mark the pictures as specified. Insliding window, the video encoder may not need to signal which picturesshould be marked as used for reference. Rather, the video decoder mayimplicitly (i.e., without receiving syntax elements) determine whichpictures should be marked as used for reference based on which picturesare within the sliding window.

The video coder may also be tasked with constructing reference picturelists that indicate which reference pictures may be used forinter-prediction purposes. Two of these reference picture lists arereferred to as List 0 and List 1, respectively. The video coder firstlyemploys default construction techniques to construct List 0 and List 1(e.g., preconfigured construction schemes for constructing List 0 andList 1). Optionally, after the initial List 0 and List 1 areconstructed, the video decoder may decode syntax elements, when present,that instruct the video decoder to modify the initial List 0 and List 1.

The video encoder may signal syntax elements that are indicative ofidentifier(s) of reference pictures in the DPB, and the video encodermay also signal syntax elements that include indices, within List 0,List 1, or both List 0 and List 1, that indicate which reference pictureor pictures to use to decode a coded block of a current picture. Thevideo decoder, in turn, uses the received identifier to identify theindex value or values for a reference picture or reference pictureslisted in List 0, List1, or both List 0 and List 1. From the indexvalue(s) as well as the identifier(s) of the reference picture orreference pictures, the video decoder retrieves the reference picture orreference pictures, or part(s) thereof, from the DPB, and decodes thecoded block of the current picture based on the retrieved referencepicture or pictures and one or more motion vectors that identify blockswithin the reference picture or pictures that are used for decoding thecoded block.

For example, a reference picture list construction for the first or thesecond reference picture list of a bi-predicted picture includes twosteps: reference picture list initialization and reference picture listmodification (also referred to as reference picture list reordering).The reference picture list initialization may be an implicit mechanismthat puts the reference pictures in the reference picture memory (alsoknown as decoded picture buffer) into a list based on the order of POC(Picture Order Count, aligned with display order of a picture) values.The reference picture list reordering mechanism may modify the positionof a picture that was put in the list during the reference picture listinitialization to any new position, or put any reference picture in thereference picture memory in any position even the picture does notbelong to the initialized list. Some pictures after the referencepicture list reordering (modification), may be put in a very furtherposition in the list. However, if a position of a picture exceeds thenumber of active reference pictures of the list, the picture is notconsidered as an entry of the final reference picture list. The numberof active reference pictures of may be signaled in the slice header foreach list.

The techniques described in this disclosure may be applicable to variousvideo coding standards. Examples of the video coding standards includeITU-T H.261, ISO/IEC MPEG-1 Visual, ITU-T H.262 or ISO/IEC MPEG-2Visual, ITU-T H.263, ISO/IEC MPEG-4 Visual and ITU-T H.264 (also knownas ISO/IEC MPEG-4 AVC), including its Scalable Video Coding (SVC) andMultiview Video Coding (MVC) extensions. In addition, there is a newvideo coding standard, namely High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), beingdeveloped by the Joint Collaboration Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) ofITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and ISO/IEC Motion PictureExperts Group (MPEG).

For purposes of illustration only, the techniques are described incontext of the HEVC standard. A recent Working Draft (WD) of HEVC, andreferred to as HEVC WD8 hereinafter, is available, as of Jul. 20, 2012,fromhttp://phenix.int-evey.fr/jct/doc_end_user/documents/10_Stockholm/wg11/JCTVC-J1003-v8.zip.

As described above, the techniques described in this disclosure mayaddress issues that may be present in existing solutions for decodedpicture buffer (DPB) management. As one example, in some exampletechniques described in this disclosure, the marking of referencepictures as “unused for reference” may not be needed. For example, thetechniques described in this disclosure may address issues related toDPB management techniques that may not suit well for temporalscalability, issues related to signaling overhead of long-term referencepictures, issues related to the efficiency and complexity with referencepicture list initialization and modification. The techniques describedin this disclosure may also address issues related to the marking of “noreference picture” for non-completed entries in a reference picture listduring reference picture list initialization, issues related to decodedpicture output, insertion into, and removal from the DPB, as well asissues related to possible values for picture order count (POC) values.

In accordance with techniques described in this disclosure, thereference picture lists are constructed from a reference picture set. Areference picture set is defined as a set of reference picturesassociated with a picture, consisting of all reference pictures that areprior to the associated picture in decoding order, that may be used forinter prediction of blocks in the associated picture or any picturefollowing the associated picture in decoding order, for example, untilthe next instantaneous decoding refresh (IDR) picture, or broken linkaccess (BLA) picture. In other words, reference pictures in thereference picture set may require the following characteristics: (1)they are all prior to the current picture in decoding order, and (2)they may be used for inter-predicting the current picture and/orinter-predicting any picture following the current picture in decodingorder, and in some examples, until the next IDR picture or BLA picture.There may be other alternate definitions of the reference picture set,which are provided below.

In the example techniques described in this disclosure, the video codermay derive the reference picture set, and after such derivation, thevideo coder may construct the reference picture lists. For instance,only reference pictures in the reference picture set may be candidatereference pictures that are used to construct the reference picturelists.

To construct the reference picture set, the video coder may construct aplurality of reference picture subsets. The combination of the referencepicture subsets may together form the reference picture set. Forexample, a video encoder may explicitly signal, in a coded bitstream,values that allow a video decoder to determine identifiers for thereference pictures that are included in the reference picture set. Forinstance, the identifiers of the reference pictures may the pictureorder counts. Each picture is associated with one picture order count,referred to as PicOrderCnt. PicOrderCnt indicates the output order ordisplay order of the corresponding picture relative to the previous IDRpicture in decoding order, and, in some other alternatives, indicatesthe the position of the associated picture in output order relative tothe output order positions of the other pictures in the same coded videosequence.

The PicOrderCnt may be referred to as a picture order count (POC) value.A POC value may indicate the output or display order of a picture, andmay be used to identify a picture. For example, within a coded videosequence, a picture with a smaller POC value is outputted or displayedearlier than a picture with larger POC value.

The video decoder may determine the identifiers for the referencepictures, and from these identifiers construct the plurality ofreference picture subsets. From these reference picture subsets, thevideo decoder may derive the reference picture set, as described in moredetail below. In some examples, each of the reference picture subsetsinclude different reference pictures, in that there is no overlap ofreference pictures in the reference picture subsets. In this way, eachof the reference pictures may be in only one of the reference picturesubsets, and in no other reference picture subset. However, aspects ofthis disclosure should not be considered so limited.

After determining the identifiers (e.g., POC values) of the referencepictures in the reference picture set or its subsets, the video decodermay construct the reference picture subsets. As described in more detailbelow, the video decoder may construct six reference picture subsets,although it may be possible for the video decoder to construct more orfewer reference picture subsets.

These six reference picture subsets are named: RefPicSetStCurr0,RefPicSetStCurr1, RefPicSetStFoll0, RefPicSetStFoll1, RefPicSetLtCurr,and RefPicSetLtFoll. The RefPicSetStCurr0 reference picture subset maybe referred to as the RefPicSetStCurrBefore reference picture subset,and the RefPicSetStCurr1 reference picture subset may be referred to asthe RefPicSetStCurrAfter reference picture subset.

The RefPicSetStCurr0, RefPicSetStCurr1, RefPicSetStFoll0, andRefPicSetStFoll1 reference picture subsets may identify short-termreference pictures. In some examples, these reference picture subsetsmay identify short-term reference pictures based on whether theshort-term reference pictures are earlier in display order or later indisplay order than the current picture being coded, as well as whetherthe short-term reference pictures can potentially be used forinter-predicting the current picture and pictures following the currentpicture in decoding order, or can potentially be used forinter-predicting only the pictures following the current picture indecoding order.

For example, the RefPicSetStCurr0 reference picture subset may include,and may only include, identification information, such as POC values, ofall short-term reference pictures that have an earlier output or displayorder than the current picture, and that can potentially be used forreference in inter-prediction of the current picture, and canpotentially be used for reference in inter-prediction of one or morepictures following the current picture in decoding order. TheRefPicSetStCurr1 reference picture subset may include, and may onlyinclude, identification information of all short-term reference picturesthat have a later output or display order than the current picture andthat can potentially be used for reference in inter-prediction of thecurrent picture, and can potentially be used for reference ininter-prediction of one or more pictures following the current picturein decoding order.

The RefPicSetStFoll0 reference picture subset may include, and may onlyinclude, identification information of all short-term reference picturesthat have an earlier output or display order than the current picture,that can potentially be used for reference in inter-prediction of one ormore pictures following the current picture in decoding order, and thatcannot be used for reference in inter-prediction of the current picture.The RefPicSetStFoll1 reference picture subset may include, and may onlyinclude, identification information of all short-term reference picturesthat have a later output or display order than the current picture, thatcan potentially be used for reference in inter-prediction of one or morepictures following the current picture in decoding order, and thatcannot be used for reference in inter-prediction of the current picture.

The RefPicSetLtCurr and the RefPicSetLtFoll reference picture subsetsmay identify long-term reference pictures. In some examples, thesereference picture subsets may identify long-term reference picturesbased on whether the long-term reference pictures are earlier in displayorder or later in display order than the current picture being coded.

For example, the RefPicSetLtCurr reference picture subset may include,and may only include, the identification information of all long-termreference pictures that can potentially be used for reference ininter-prediction of the current picture, and that can potentially beused for reference in inter-prediction of one or more pictures followingthe current picture in decoding order. The RefPicSetLtFoll referencepicture subset may include, and may only include, the identificationinformation of all long-term reference pictures that can potentially beused for reference in inter-prediction of one or more pictures followingthe current picture in decoding order, and that cannot be used forreference in inter-prediction of the current picture.

After constructing the reference picture subsets, the video decoder mayorder the reference picture subsets in different order to derive thereference picture set. As one example, the order of the referencepicture set may be RefPicSetStCurr0, RefPicSetSetCurr1, RefPicSetFoll0,RefPicSetFoll1, RefPicSetLtCurr, and RefPicSetLtFoll. However, otherordering of the subsets may be possible to derive the reference pictureset. For instance, as another example, the order of the referencepicture set may be the RefPicSetStCurr0 reference picture subset,followed by the RefPicSetStCurr1 reference picture set, followed by theRefPicSetLtCurr reference picture subset, followed by theRefPicSetStFoll0 reference picture subset, followed by theRefPicSetFoll1 reference picture subset, and followed by RefPicSetLtFollreference picture subset.

In accordance with the techniques described in this disclosure, theRefPicSetStCurr0, RefPicSetStCurr1, and RefPicSetLtCurr subsets includeall reference pictures that may be used in inter-prediction of a blockin the current picture and that may be used in inter-prediction of oneor more of the pictures following the current picture in decoding order.The RefPicSetStFoll0, RefPicSetStFoll1, and RefPicSetLtFoll subsetsinclude all reference pictures that are not used in inter-prediction ofthe block in the current picture, but may be used in inter-prediction ofone or more of the pictures following the current picture in decodingorder.

It should be understood that the six reference picture subsets aredescribed for illustration purposes only, and should not be consideredlimiting. In alternate examples, there may be more or fewer referencepicture subsets. Such reference picture subsets, in these alternateexamples, are described in more detail below.

In some techniques described in these disclosures, the video decoder maynot need to mark decoded pictures are “used for reference,” “unused forreference,” “used for short-term reference,” or “used for long-termreference.” Rather, whether a decoded picture stored in the DPB isneeded for inter-prediction is indicated by whether it is included inthe reference picture set of the current picture. In alternate examples,it may be possible that the video decoder marks decoded pictures as“used for reference,” “unused for reference,” “used for short-termreference,” or “used for long-term reference.” In these examples, afterthe video decoder decodes a picture, it is a reference picture andmarked as “used for reference.” Then, after invocation of the processfor reference picture set derivation, all reference pictures stored inthe DPB, but not included in the reference picture set of the currentpicture are marked as “unused for reference,” before possible removal ofdecoded pictures from the DPB. Thus, whether a decoded picture stored inthe DPB is needed for inter-prediction may be indicated by whether it ismarked as “used for reference.”

Once the video decoder derives the reference picture set from theplurality of reference picture subsets, the video decoder may constructthe reference picture lists (e.g., List 0 and List 1) from the referencepicture set. For example, the construction of the reference picturelists may include an initialization step and possibly a modificationstep. By deriving the reference picture set in the manner describedabove, the video decoder may be able to improve the efficiency andreduce the complexity for reference picture list initialization andreference picture list modification.

There may be various ways in which the video decoder may construct thereference picture lists. The techniques described in this disclosureprovide a mechanism by which the video decoder may construct referencepicture lists without needing to reorder the reference pictures to beincluded in the (initial) reference picture list. For example, the videodecoder may be configured to implement a default reference listconstruction technique in which the video decoder utilizes the referencepicture subsets for constructing initial reference picture lists. Then,if reference picture list modification is not needed, the finalreference picture lists may be the same as the initial reference picturelists, without needing any additional reordering of the referencepicture lists.

In some examples, the techniques described in this disclosure may berelated to constructing the reference picture lists in such a mannerthat there are no non-completed entries. For instance, the techniquesmay repeatedly add reference pictures to a reference picture list fromthe one or more of the reference picture subsets. For example, after thevideo decoder adds reference pictures from one or more of the referencepicture subsets for constructing an initial reference picture list, thevideo decoder may determine whether the number of entries in thereference picture list is less than the maximum allowable number ofentries. If the number of entries in the reference picture list is lessthan the maximum number of allowable number of entries, the videodecoder may re-add at least one of the reference pictures from one ofthe reference picture subsets used to construct the reference picturelist, in the reference picture list. This re-adding (also referred to asre-listing) of the reference picture may occur at a different locationwithin reference picture lists, as compared to the location where thereference picture was first added by the video decoder.

As used in this disclosure, relisting or re-adding refers to addingagain (e.g., identifying again) a reference picture that was previouslyadded (e.g., identified) in the initial reference picture list. However,when re-adding a reference picture, the reference picture may be locatedat two different entries in the initial reference picture list. In otherwords, when re-adding a reference picture, there may be two index valuesinto the initial reference picture list that identify the same referencepicture.

In some examples, the techniques described in this disclosure may berelated to modifying an initial reference picture list. For example, thevideo decoder may construct an initial reference picture list. The videodecoder may determine that reference picture list modification is neededbased on syntax elements signaled by the video encoder in the codedbitstream. When reference picture list modification is needed, the videodecoder may identify a reference picture in at least one of theconstructed reference picture subsets. The video decoder may list (e.g.,add) the identified reference picture in a current entry of the initialreference picture list to construct a modified reference picture list.The video decoder may then decode the current picture based on themodified reference picture list.

In some examples, the techniques described in this disclosure may berelated to output and removal of decoded pictures from a decoded picturebuffer (DPB). The example techniques may remove a decoded picture fromthe DPB prior to coding a current picture. For instance, the exampletechniques may remove the decoded picture if that decoded picture is notidentified in the reference picture set of the current picture and ifthat decoded picture is not needed for output (i.e., it was either notintended for output or it was intended for output but has been outputtedalready).

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example video encoding anddecoding system 10 that may utilize techniques described in thisdisclosure. In general, a reference picture set is defined as a set ofreference pictures associated with a picture, consisting of allreference pictures that are prior to the associated picture in decodingorder, that may be used for inter prediction of the associate picture orany picture following the associated picture in decoding order. In someexamples, the reference pictures that are prior to the associatedpicture may be reference pictures until the next instantaneous decodingrefresh (IDR) picture, or broken link access (BLA) picture. In otherwords, reference pictures in the reference picture set may all be priorto the current picture in decoding order. Also, the reference picturesin the reference picture set may be used for inter-predicting thecurrent picture and/or inter-predicting any picture following thecurrent picture in decoding order until the next IDR picture or BLApicture.

There may be other alternate definitions of reference picture set. Forexample, the reference picture set may be a set of reference picturesassociated with a picture, consisting of all reference pictures,excluding the associated picture itself, that may be used for interprediction of the associated picture or any picture following theassociated picture in decoding order, and that have temporal_id lessthan or equal to that of the associated picture. The temporal_id may bea temporal identification value. The temporal identification value maybe hierarchical value that indicates which pictures can be used forcoding the current picture. In general, a picture with a particulartemporal_id value can possibly be a reference picture for pictures withequal or greater temporal_id values, but not vice-versa. For example, apicture with a temporal_id value of 1 can possibly be a referencepicture for pictures with temporal_id values of 1, 2, 3, . . . , but notfor a picture with a temporal_id value of 0.

The lowest temporal_id value may also indicate the lowest display rate.For example, if a video decoder only decoded pictures with temporal_idvalues of 0, the display rate may be 7.5 pictures per second. If a videodecoder only decoded pictures with temporal_id values of 0 and 1, thedisplay rate may be 15 pictures per second, and so forth.

As another example, reference picture set may be a set of referencepictures associated with a picture, consisting of all referencepictures, excluding the associated picture itself, that may be used forinter prediction of the associated picture or any picture following theassociated picture in decoding order. As yet another example, thereference picture set may be defined as a set of reference picturesassociated with a picture, consisting of all reference pictures,possibly including the associated picture itself, that may be used forinter prediction of the associated picture or any picture following theassociated picture in decoding order. As another example, the referencepicture set may be defined as a set of reference pictures associatedwith a picture, consisting of all reference pictures, possibly includingthe associated picture itself, that may be used for inter prediction ofthe associated picture or any picture following the associated picturein decoding order, and that have temporal_id less than or equal to thatof the associated picture.

As yet another example, in the above definitions of a reference pictureset, the phrase “may be used for inter prediction” is replaced with “areused for inter prediction.” Although there may be alternate definitionsof the reference picture set, in this disclosure, the examples aredescribed with the definition of the reference picture set being a setof reference pictures associated with a picture, consisting of allreference pictures that are prior to the associated picture in decodingorder, that may be used for inter prediction of the associate picture orany picture following the associated picture in decoding order.

For example, some of the reference pictures in the reference picture setare reference pictures that can potentially be used to inter-predict ablock of the current picture, and not pictures following the currentpicture in decoding order. Some of the reference pictures in thereference picture set are reference pictures that can potentially beused to inter-predict a block of the current picture, and blocks in oneor more pictures following the current picture in decoding order. Someof the reference pictures in the reference picture set are referencepictures that can potentially be used to inter-predict blocks in one ormore pictures following the current picture in decoding order, andcannot be used to inter-predict a block in the current picture.

As used in this disclosure, reference pictures that can potentially beused for inter-prediction refer to reference pictures that can be usedfor inter-prediction, but do not necessarily have to be used forinter-prediction. For example, the reference picture set may identifyreference pictures that can potentially be used for inter-prediction.However, this does not mean that all of the identified referencepictures must be used for inter-prediction. Rather, one or more of theseidentified reference pictures could be used for inter-prediction, butall do not necessarily have to be used for inter-prediction.

As shown in FIG. 1, system 10 includes a source device 12 that generatesencoded video for decoding by destination device 14. Source device 12and destination device 14 may each be an example of a video codingdevice. Source device 12 may transmit the encoded video to destinationdevice 14 via communication channel 16 or may store the encoded video ona storage medium 17 or a file server 19, such that the encoded video maybe accessed by the destination device 14 as desired.

Source device 12 and destination device 14 may comprise any of a widerange of devices, including a wireless handset such as so-called “smart”phones, so-called “smart” pads, or other such wireless devices equippedfor wireless communication. Additional examples of source device 12 anddestination device 14 include, but are not limited to, a digitaltelevision, a device in digital direct broadcast system, a device inwireless broadcast system, a personal digital assistants (PDA), a laptopcomputer, a desktop computer, a tablet computer, an e-book reader, adigital camera, a digital recording device, a digital media player, avideo gaming device, a video game console, a cellular radio telephone, asatellite radio telephone, a video teleconferencing device, and a videostreaming device, a wireless communication device, or the like.

As indicated above, in many cases, source device 12 and/or destinationdevice 14 may be equipped for wireless communication. Hence,communication channel 16 may comprise a wireless channel, a wiredchannel, or a combination of wireless and wired channels suitable fortransmission of encoded video data. Similarly, the file server 19 may beaccessed by the destination device 14 through any standard dataconnection, including an Internet connection. This may include awireless channel (e.g., a Wi-Fi connection), a wired connection (e.g.,DSL, cable modem, etc.), or a combination of both that is suitable foraccessing encoded video data stored on a file server.

The techniques of this disclosure, however, may be applied to videocoding in support of any of a variety of multimedia applications, suchas over-the-air television broadcasts, cable television transmissions,satellite television transmissions, streaming video transmissions, e.g.,via the Internet, encoding of digital video for storage on a datastorage medium, decoding of digital video stored on a data storagemedium, or other applications. In some examples, system 10 may beconfigured to support one-way or two-way video transmission to supportapplications such as video streaming, video playback, videobroadcasting, and/or video telephony

In the example of FIG. 1, source device 12 includes a video source 18,video encoder 20, a modulator/demodulator (MODEM) 22 and an outputinterface 24. In source device 12, video source 18 may include a sourcesuch as a video capture device, such as a video camera, a video archivecontaining previously captured video, a video feed interface to receivevideo from a video content provider, and/or a computer graphics systemfor generating computer graphics data as the source video, or acombination of such sources. As one example, if video source 18 is avideo camera, source device 12 and destination device 14 may formso-called camera phones or video phones. However, the techniquesdescribed in this disclosure may be applicable to video coding ingeneral, and may be applied to wireless and/or wired applications.

The captured, pre-captured, or computer-generated video may be encodedby video encoder 20. The encoded video information may be modulated bymodem 22 according to a communication standard, such as a wirelesscommunication protocol, and transmitted to destination device 14 viaoutput interface 24. Modem 22 may include various mixers, filters,amplifiers or other components designed for signal modulation. Outputinterface 24 may include circuits designed for transmitting data,including amplifiers, filters, and one or more antennas.

The captured, pre-captured, or computer-generated video that is encodedby the video encoder 20 may also be stored onto a storage medium 17 or afile server 19 for later consumption. The storage medium 17 may includeBlu-ray discs, DVDs, CD-ROMs, flash memory, or any other suitabledigital storage media for storing encoded video. The encoded videostored on the storage medium 17 may then be accessed by destinationdevice 14 for decoding and playback.

File server 19 may be any type of server capable of storing encodedvideo and transmitting that encoded video to the destination device 14.Example file servers include a web server (e.g., for a website), an FTPserver, network attached storage (NAS) devices, a local disk drive, orany other type of device capable of storing encoded video data andtransmitting it to a destination device. The transmission of encodedvideo data from the file server 19 may be a streaming transmission, adownload transmission, or a combination of both. The file server 19 maybe accessed by the destination device 14 through any standard dataconnection, including an Internet connection. This may include awireless channel (e.g., a Wi-Fi connection), a wired connection (e.g.,DSL, cable modem, Ethernet, USB, etc.), or a combination of both that issuitable for accessing encoded video data stored on a file server.

Destination device 14, in the example of FIG. 1, includes an inputinterface 26, a modem 28, a video decoder 30, and a display device 32.Input interface 26 of destination device 14 receives information overchannel 16, as one example, or from storage medium 17 or file server 17,as alternate examples, and modem 28 demodulates the information toproduce a demodulated bitstream for video decoder 30. The demodulatedbitstream may include a variety of syntax information generated by videoencoder 20 for use by video decoder 30 in decoding video data. Suchsyntax may also be included with the encoded video data stored on astorage medium 17 or a file server 19. As one example, the syntax may beembedded with the encoded video data, although aspects of thisdisclosure should not be considered limited to such a requirement. Thesyntax information defined by video encoder 20, which is also used byvideo decoder 30, may include syntax elements that describecharacteristics and/or processing of video blocks, such as coding treeunits (CTUs), coding tree blocks (CTBs), prediction units (PUs), codingunits (CUs) or other units of coded video, e.g., video slices, videopictures, and video sequences or groups of pictures (GOPs). Each ofvideo encoder 20 and video decoder 30 may form part of a respectiveencoder-decoder (CODEC) that is capable of encoding or decoding videodata.

Display device 32 may be integrated with, or external to, destinationdevice 14. In some examples, destination device 14 may include anintegrated display device and also be configured to interface with anexternal display device. In other examples, destination device 14 may bea display device. In general, display device 32 displays the decodedvideo data to a user, and may comprise any of a variety of displaydevices such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), a plasma display, anorganic light emitting diode (OLED) display, or another type of displaydevice.

In the example of FIG. 1, communication channel 16 may comprise anywireless or wired communication medium, such as a radio frequency (RF)spectrum or one or more physical transmission lines, or any combinationof wireless and wired media. Communication channel 16 may form part of apacket-based network, such as a local area network, a wide-area network,or a global network such as the Internet. Communication channel 16generally represents any suitable communication medium, or collection ofdifferent communication media, for transmitting video data from sourcedevice 12 to destination device 14, including any suitable combinationof wired or wireless media. Communication channel 16 may includerouters, switches, base stations, or any other equipment that may beuseful to facilitate communication from source device 12 to destinationdevice 14.

Video encoder 20 and video decoder 30 may operate according to a videocompression standard, such as the include ITU-T H.261, ISO/IEC MPEG-1Visual, ITU-T H.262 or ISO/IEC MPEG-2 Visual, ITU-T H.263, ISO/IECMPEG-4 Visual and ITU-T H.264 (also known as ISO/IEC MPEG-4 AVC),including its Scalable Video Coding (SVC) and Multiview Video Coding(MVC) extensions. In addition, there is a new video coding standard,namely High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard presently underdevelopment by the Joint Collaboration Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) ofITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and ISO/IEC Motion PictureExperts Group (MPEG). A recent Working Draft (WD) of HEVC, and referredto as HEVC WD8 hereinafter, is available, as of Jul. 20, 2012, fromhttp://phenix.int-evey.fr/jct/doc_end_user/documents/10_Stockholm/wg11/JCTVC-J1003-v8.zip.

The techniques of this disclosure, however, are not limited to anyparticular coding standard. For purposes of illustration only, thetechniques are described in accordance with the HEVC standard.

Although not shown in FIG. 1, in some aspects, video encoder 20 andvideo decoder 30 may each be integrated with an audio encoder anddecoder, and may include appropriate MUX-DEMUX units, or other hardwareand software, to handle encoding of both audio and video in a commondata stream or separate data streams. If applicable, MUX-DEMUX units mayconform to the ITU H.223 multiplexer protocol, or other protocols suchas the user datagram protocol (UDP).

Video encoder 20 and video decoder 30 each may be implemented as any ofa variety of suitable encoder circuitry, such as one or more processorsincluding microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), applicationspecific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays(FPGAs), discrete logic, software, hardware, firmware or anycombinations thereof. When the techniques are implemented partially insoftware, a device may store instructions for the software in asuitable, non-transitory computer-readable medium and execute theinstructions in hardware using one or more processors to perform thetechniques of this disclosure.

Each of video encoder 20 and video decoder 30 may be included in one ormore encoders or decoders, either of which may be integrated as part ofa combined encoder/decoder (CODEC) in a respective device. In someinstances, video encoder 20 and video decoder 30 may be commonlyreferred to as a video coder that codes information (e.g., pictures andsyntax elements). The coding of information may refer to encoding whenthe video coder corresponds to video encoder 20. The coding ofinformation may refer to decoding when the video coder corresponds tovideo decoder 30.

Furthermore, the techniques described in this disclosure may refer tovideo encoder 20 signaling information. When video encoder 20 signalsinformation, the techniques of this disclosure generally refer to anymanner in which video encoder 20 provides the information. For example,when video encoder 20 signals syntax elements to video decoder 30, itmay mean that video encoder 20 transmitted the syntax elements to videodecoder 30 via output interface 24 and communication channel 16, or thatvideo encoder 20 stored the syntax elements via output interface 24 onstorage medium 17 and/or file server 19 for eventual reception by videodecoder 30. In this way, signaling from video encoder 20 to videodecoder 30 should not be interpreted as requiring transmission fromvideo encoder 20 that is immediately received by video decoder 30,although this may be possible. Rather, signaling from video encoder 20to video decoder 30 should be interpreted as any technique with whichvideo encoder 20 provides information for eventual reception by videodecoder 30, either directly or via an intermediate storage (e.g., instorage medium 17 and/or file server 19).

Video encoder 20 and video decoder 30 may be configured to implement theexample techniques described in this disclosure for deriving a referencepicture set. For example, video decoder 30 may invoke the process toderive the reference picture set once per picture. Video decoder 30 mayinvoke the process to derive the reference picture set after decoding ofa slice header, but prior to the decoding of any coding unit and priorto the decoding process for the reference picture list construction ofthe slice.

As described above, the reference picture set is an absolute descriptionof the reference pictures used in the decoding process of the currentpicture and future coded pictures in decoding order until the nextinstantaneous decoding refresh (IDR) picture, or broken link access(BLA) picture. In examples described in this disclosure, video encoder20 may explicitly signal values from which video decoder 30 maydetermine identifiers for the reference pictures that belong to thereference picture set. The reference picture set signaling is explicitin the sense that all reference pictures included in the referencepicture set are listed explicitly, except for certain pictures, e.g.,IDR pictures, no reference picture set syntax elements are included inthe slice header and the reference picture set is derived to be empty.

There may be various ways in which video encoder 20 may signal syntaxelements in a coded bitstream that video decoder 30 may utilize forderiving the reference picture set. For example, video encoder 20 maysignal the syntax elements in the picture parameter set (PPS), sequenceparameter set (SPS), the picture header (if any), the slice header, orany combination thereof. For purposes of illustration only, videoencoder 20 may signal the syntax elements using the SPS, the PPS, andthe slice header, as described in more detail.

To derive the reference picture set, video decoder 30 may implement adecoding process to determine the identifiers for pictures that belongto the reference picture set. Video decoder 30 may then construct aplurality of reference picture subsets, where each of the subsetsidentifies zero or more of the reference pictures that belong thereference picture set. Video decoder 30 may derive the reference pictureset from the construed reference picture subsets. For example, videodecoder 30 may list the plurality reference picture subsets in aparticular order to derive the reference picture set.

There may be various ways in which video decoder 30 may determine theidentifiers for pictures that belong to the reference picture set. Ingeneral, video encoder 20 may signal values from which video decoder 30may determine the identifiers for pictures, including the pictures thatbelong to the reference picture set. The identifiers of the pictures maybe the PicOrderCnt (i.e., picture order count (POC) values). Asdescribed above, the POC value may indicate the display or output orderof a picture, where pictures with smaller POC values are displayedearlier than pictures with larger POC values. The POC value of a givenpicture may be relative to the previous instantaneous decoding refresh(IDR) picture. For example, the PicOrderCnt (i.e., POC value) for an IDRpicture may be 0, the POC value for the picture after the IDR picture indisplay or output order may be 1, the POC value for the after thepicture with POC value 1 in display or output order may be 2, and soforth.

In accordance with the techniques described in this disclosure, when thecurrent picture is not an IDR picture, the following may apply to derivethe POC value of the current picture. The following is meant to assistwith understanding, and should not be considered as limiting.

For example, consider the list variable listD which includes as elementsthe PicOrderCnt values (POC values) associated with the list of picturesincluding all of the following: (1) the first picture in the list is theprevious IDR picture in decoding order, and (2) all other picturesfollow in decoding order after the first picture in the list and eitherprecede the current picture in decoding order or are the currentpicture. In this example, the current picture is included in listD priorto invoking of the derivation process for the reference picture set.Also, consider the list variable listO which includes the elements oflistD sorted in ascending order of POC values. In this example, listOmay not contain a POC value that has a value equal to the POC value ofanother picture.

In some examples, the POC values may be restricted to the range of−2^(pocLen-1) to 2^(pocLen-1)−1, inclusive. In this example, pocLen maybe equal tolong_term_ref_pic_id_len_delta+long_term_ref_pic_id_delta_len_minus4+4.The long_term_ref_pic_id_len_delta, and thelong_term_ref_pic_id_delta_len_minus4 may be syntax elements that videodecoder 30 receives in the coded bitstream as part of the pictureparameter set syntax, as describe in more detail below. As anotherexample, the POC values may be restricted to the range of −2³¹ to 2³¹−1,inclusive.

As one example, video decoder 30 may receive in the coded bitstream(i.e., the bitstream signaled by video encoder 20), thepic_order_cnt_lsb syntax element. The pic_order_cnt_lsb syntax elementmay specify the picture order count modulo MaxPicOrderCntLsb for thecoded picture. The length of the pic_order_cnt_lsb syntax element may belog 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4+4 bits. The value of thepic_order_cnt_lsb may be in the range of 0 to MaxPicOrderCntLsb−1,inclusive. Video decoder 30 may receive the pic_order_cnt_lsb syntaxelement in the slice header syntax for the current picture to bedecoded.

Video decoder 30 may also receive the log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4syntax element in the coded bitstream signaled by video encoder 20.Video decoder 30 may receive the log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4syntax element in the sequence parameter set. The value of log2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minu4 may be in the range of 0 to 12, inclusive.The log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4 syntax element may specify thevalue of the variable MaxPicOrderCntLsb that video decoder 30 uses inthe decoding process for determining the POC values. For example:

MaxPicOrderCntLsb=2^((log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4+4)).

From these received syntax elements, video decoder 30 may determine thePOC value of the current picture as follows. For example, video decoder30 may determine the PicOrderCntMsb for the current picture. The POCvalue for the current picture may be the determined PicOrderCntMsb forthe current picture plus the received pic_order_cnt_lsb for the currentpicture.

In the following, the function PicOrderCnt(picX) is equal to the POCvalue for picture X. The function DiffPicOrderCnt(picA, picB) equalsPicOrderCnt(picA) minus PicOrderCnt(picB). In some examples, the codedbitstream may not include data that results in the values ofDiffPicOrderCnt(picA, picB) used in the decoding process that exceed therange of −2¹⁵ to 2¹⁵−1, inclusive. Furthermore, let X be the currentpicture and Y and Z be two other pictures in the same sequence, where Yand Z are considered to be the same output order direction from X whenboth DiffPicOrderCnt(X, Y) and DiffPicOrderCnt(X, Z) are positive orboth are negative. Also, in some examples, video encoder 20 may assignPicOrderCnt proportional to the sampling time of the correspondingpicture relative to the sampling time of the previous IDR picture.

As part of the process of determining the POC value for the currentpicture, video decoder 30 may determine the variables prevPicOrderCntMsband prevPicOrderCntLsb. For example, if the current picture is an IDRpicture, video decoder 30 may set prevPicOrderCntMsb equal to 0, and setprevPicOrderCntLsb equal to 0. Otherwise (i.e., where the currentpicture is not an IDR picture), video decoder 30 may setprevPicOrderCntMsb equal to PicOrderCntMsb of the previous referencepicture in decoding order with less or equal temporal_id than thecurrent picture, and set prevPicOrderCntLsb equal to the value ofpic_order_cnt_lsb of the previous reference picture in decoding orderwith less or equal temporal_id than the current picture.

With these variable values and the values of the syntax elements (e.g.,the values of prevPicOrderCntMsb, prevPicOrderCntLsb, pic_order_cnt_lsb,and MaxPicOrderCntLsb), video decoder 30 may determine the value ofPicOrderCntMsb based on the steps set forth in the following pseudocode. It should be understood that video decoder 30 may implement thesteps set forth in the following pseudo code to determine thePicOrderCntMsb for each current picture, which is used to derive the POCvalue of the current picture.

if( ( pic_order_cnt_lsb < prevPicOrderCntLsb ) && ( ( prevPicOrderCntLsb− pic_order_cnt_lsb ) >= ( MaxPicOrderCntLsb / 2 ) ) ) PicOrderCntMsb =prevPicOrderCntMsb + MaxPicOrderCntLsb else if( ( pic_order_cnt_lsb >prevPicOrderCntLsb ) && ( ( pic_order_cnt_lsb − prevPicOrderCntLsb ) > (MaxPicOrderCntLsb / 2 ) ) ) PicOrderCntMsb = prevPicOrderCntMsb −MaxPicOrderCntLsb else PicOrderCntMsb = prevPicOrderCntMsb

After determining the PicOrderCntMsb for the current picture, videodecoder 30 may determine the POC value for the current picture based onthe PicOrderCntMsb for the current picture and the pic_order_cnt_lsb forthe current picture. Video decoder 30 may determine the POC value forthe current picture as follows:

PicOrderCnt=PicOrderCntMsb+pic_order_cnt_lsb.

After decoding of a picture, video decoder 30 may store thePicOrderCntMsb value, the pic_order_cnt_lsb value, and the POC value forthat picture, including each of the reference pictures that belong tothe reference picture set, in a decoded picture buffer (DPB) of videodecoder 30. In this way, each picture in the DPB is associated with aPOC value, a PicOrderCntMsb value, and a pic_order_cnt_lsb value.

Methods for determining the POC values of the reference picturesincluded in the reference picture set of a current picture are describedin more detail below. From the determined POC values, video decoder 30may implement the derivation process for the reference picture set.However, prior to describing the manner in which video decoder 30implements the derivation process for the reference picture set, thefollowing provides tables of syntax elements that video decoder 30 mayreceive in the coded bitstream signaled by video encoder 20. Forexample, video encoder 20 may signal the syntax elements in thefollowing tables in the coded bitstream that video decoder 30 receives.Some of these syntax elements have been described above. From the syntaxelements, video decoder 30 may determine the POC values of the referencepictures included in the reference picture set and further derive thereference picture set.

For example, in the techniques described in this disclosure, thefollowing syntax structures are modified relative to previous videocoding standards: sequence parameter set (SPS) raw byte sequence payload(RBSP) syntax, seq_paramater_set_rbsq( ), picture parameter set (PPS)RBSP syntax, pic_parameter_set_rbsp( ), slice header syntax,slice_header( ), and reference picture list modification syntax,ref_pic_list_modification( ). Reference picture list modification isdescribed in more detail following the description of deriving thereference picture set, and initializing one or more reference picturelists.

Also, in accordance with the techniques described in this disclosure,the following syntax structures are added to the coded bitstream:short-term reference picture set syntax, short_term_ref_pic_set( ), andlong-term reference picture set syntax, long_term_ref_pic_set( ). Videodecoder 30 may utilize the short-term reference picture set syntax andthe long-term reference picture set syntax for purposes of constructingreference picture subsets, from which video decoder 30 derives thereference picture set.

For instance, for video decoder 30 to determine the POC values for thereference pictures that belong to the reference picture set, videoencoder 20 may signal reference picture identification information,which video decoder 30 uses to determine the POC values, in the pictureparameter set and the index to the list can be referenced in the sliceheader. However, this is one example manner in which video encoder 20may signal such reference picture identification information.

In one alternate example, video encoder 20 may signal reference pictureinformation in the sequence parameter set and the index to the list maybe referenced in the slice header, which may reduce signaling overhead.In another alternate example, the video coder may signal the referencepicture information in a new type of parameter set (e.g., referencepicture set parameter set (RPSPS)), and the RPSPS id as well as theindex to the list of reference picture identification information may beboth referenced in the slice header. This may reduce the signalingoverhead as well as not increase the need of the number of pictureparameter sets or sequence parameter sets. In other examples, videoencoder 20 may utilize any combination of these example techniques tosignal the reference picture identification information.

TABLE 1 Sequence Parameter Set RBSP syntax Descriptorseq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) {  profile_idc u(8)  reserved_zero_8bits /*equal to 0 */ u(8)  level_idc u(8)  seq_parameter_set_id ue(v) max_temporal_layers_minus1 u(3)  pic_width_in_luma_samples u(16) pic_height_in_luma_samples u(16)  bit_depth_luma_minus8 ue(v) bit_depth_chroma_minus8 ue(v)  pcm_bit_depth_luma_minus1 u(4) pcm_bit_depth_chroma_minus1 u(4)  log2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4ue(v)  max_num_ref_frames ue(v)  log2_min_coding_block_size_minus3 ue(v) log2_diff_max_min_coding_block_size ue(v) log2_min_transform_block_size_minus2 ue(v) log2_diff_max_min_transform_block_size ue(v) log2_min_pcm_coding_block_size_minus3 ue(v) max_transform_hierarchy_depth_inter ue(v) max_transform_hierarchy_depth_intra ue(v) chroma_pred_from_luma_enabled_flag u(1)  loop_filter_across_slice_flagu(1)  sample_adaptive_offset_enabled_flag u(1) adaptive_loop_filter_enabled_flag u(1)  pcm_loop_filter_disable_flagu(1)  cu_qp_delta_enabled_flag u(1)  temporal_id_nesting_flag u(1) inter_4x4_enabled_flag u(1)  rbsp_trailing_bits( ) }

pic_width_in_luma_samples may specify the width of each decoded picturein luma samples. The value of pic_width_in_luma_samples may be in therange of 0 to 2¹⁶−1, inclusive.

pic_height_in_luma_samples may specify the height of each decodedpicture in luma samples. The value of pic_height_in_luma_samples may bein the range of 0 to 2¹⁶−1, inclusive.

As indicated in Table 1, video decoder 30 may receive in the sequenceparameter set (SPS), the log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4 syntaxelement. As described above, the value of log2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minu4 may specify the value of the variableMaxPicOrderCntLsb that video decoder 30 uses in the decoding process fordetermining the POC values, whereMaxPicOrderCntLsb=2^((log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4+4)).

TABLE 2 Picture Parameter Set RBSP syntax Descriptorpic_parameter_set_rbsp( ) {  pic_parameter_set_id ue(v) seq_parameter_set_id ue(v)  entropy_coding_mode_flag u(1) num_short_term_ref_pic_sets_pps ue(v)  for( i = 0; i <num_short_term_ref_pic_sets_pps; i++ )   short_term_ref_pic_set( ) long_term_ref_pics_present_flag u(1)  if(long_term_ref_pics_present_flag ) {  long_term_ref_pic_id_delta_len_minus4 ue(v)  long_term_ref_pic_id_len_delta ue(v)   num_long_term_ref_pics_ppsue(v)   for( i = 0; i < num_long_term_ref_pics_pps; i++ )   long_term_ref_pic_id_pps[ i ] i(v)  } num_temporal_layer_switching_point_flags ue(v)  for( i = 0; i <num_temporal_layer_switching_point_flags;  i++ )  temporal_layer_switching_point_flag[ i ] u(1) num_ref_idx_l0_default_active_minus1 ue(v) num_ref_idx_l1_default_active_minus1 ue(v)  pic_init_qp_minus26 /*relative to 26 */ se(v)  constrained_intra_pred_flag u(1) slice_granularity u(2)  shared_pps_info_enabled_flag u(1)  if(shared_pps_info_enabled_flag )   if( adaptive_loop_filter_enabled_flag )   alf_param( )  if( cu_qp_delta_enabled_flag )   max_cu_qp_delta_depthu(4)  rbsp_trailing_bits( ) }

num_short_term_ref_pic_sets_pps specifies the number ofshort_term_ref_pic_set( ) syntax structures included in the pictureparameter set. The value of num_short_term_ref_pic_sets_pps shall be inthe range of 0 to 32, inclusive.

long_term_ref pics_present_flag equal to 0 specifies that no long-termreference picture is used for inter prediction of any coded picturereferring to the picture parameter set and the syntax elementslong_term_ref_pic_id_delta_len_minus4, long_term_ref_pic_id_len_deltaand num_long_term_ref_pics_pps are not present.long_term_ref_pics_present_flag equal to 1 specifies that long-termreference pictures may be used for inter prediction of one or more codedpicture referring to the picture parameter set and the syntax elementslong_term_ref_pic_id_delta_len_minus4, long_term_ref_pic_id_len_deltaand num_long_term_ref_pics_pps are present.

long_term_ref_pic_id_delta_len_minus4 plus 4 specifies the length inbits of the long_term_ref_pic_id_delta_add_foll[i] syntax elements. Thevalue of long_term_ref_pic_id_delta_len_minus4 shall be in the range of0 to 12, inclusive.

long_term_ref_pic_id_len_delta pluslong_term_ref_pic_id_delta_len_minus4 plus 4 specifies the length inbits of the long_term_ref_pic_id_pps[i] syntax element. The value oflong_term_ref_pic_id_len_delta may be in the range of 0 to28−long_term_ref_pic_id_delta_len_minus4, inclusive. The value oflong_term_ref_pic_id_len_delta+long_term_ref_pic_id_delta_len_minus4+4in all picture parameter sets referring to one particular sequenceparameter set may be identical.

num_long_term_ref_pics_pps specifies the number of identifications oflong-term reference pictures included in the picture parameter set. Thevalue of num_long_term_ref_pics_pps may be in the range of 0 to 32,inclusive.

long_term_ref_pic_id_pps[i] specifies i-th long-term reference pictureidentification information included in the picture parameter set. Thenumber of bits used to represent long_term_ref_pic_id_pps[i] may beequal to long_term_ref_pic_id_len_delta+long_term_pic_id_len_minus4+4.

TABLE 3 Short-term reference picture set syntax Descriptorshort_term_ref_pic_set( ) {  num_short_term_curr0 ue(v) num_short_term_curr1 ue(v)  num_short_term_foll0 ue(v) num_short_term_foll1 ue(v)  NumShortTerm = num_short_term_curr0 +         num_short_term_curr1 +          num_short_term_foll0 +         num_short_ term_foll1  for( i = 0; i < NumShortTerm; i++ )  short_term_ref_pic_id_delta_minus1[ i ] ue(v) }

The short-term reference picture set syntax may be for short-termpictures. A short-term picture may be defined as a reference picture forwhich the identification information is included in theshort_term_ref_pic_set( ) syntax structure for a coded picture, eitherincluded in the slice header(s) or included in the referred pictureparameter set and reference by the short_term_ref_pic_set_idx syntaxelement in the slice header(s). The slice header syntax elements areprovided in Table 4 below.

num_short_term_curr0 specifies the number of short-term referencepictures in RefPicSetStCurr0 when the short_term_ref_pic_set( ) syntaxstructure is used for derivation of the reference picture set of a codedpicture, as describe below. The value of num_short_term_curr0 may be inthe range of 0 to max num_ref_frames, inclusive.

num_short_term_curr1 specifies the number of short-term referencepictures in RefPicSetStCurr1 when the short_term_ref_pic_set( ) syntaxstructure is used for derivation of the reference picture set of a codedpicture, as describe below. The value of num_short_term_curr1 may be inthe range of 0 to max_num_ref_frames−num_short_term_curr0, inclusive.

num_short_term_foll0 specifies the number of short-term referencepictures in RefPicSetStFoll0 when the short_term_ref_pic_set( ) syntaxstructure is used for derivation of the reference picture set of a codedpicture, as describe below. The value of num_short_term_foll0 may be inthe range of 0 tomax_num_ref_frames−num_short_term_curr0−num_short_term_curr1, inclusive.

num_short_term_foll1 specifies the number of short-term referencepictures in RefPicSetStFoll1 when the short_term_ref_pic_set( ) syntaxstructure is used for derivation of the reference picture set of a codedpicture, as describe below. The value of num_short_term_foll1 shall bein the range of 0 tomax_num_ref_frames−num_short_term_curr0−num_short_term_curr1−num_short_term_foll0,inclusive.

short_term_ref_pic_id_delta_minus1[i] specifies the identificationinformation of the i-th short-term reference picture included in theshort_term_ref_pic_set( ) syntax structure.

TABLE 4 Slice header syntax Descriptor slice_header( ) { lightweight_slice_flag u(1)  if( !lightweight_slice_flag) {  slice_type ue(v)   pic_parameter_set_id ue(v)   if( IdrPicFlag ) {   idr_pic_id ue(v)    no_output_of_prior_pics_flag u(1)   }  pic_order_cnt_lsb u(v)   if( !IdrPicFlag ) {   short_term_ref_pic_set_pps_flag u(1)    if(short_term_ref_pic_set_pps_flag )     short_term_ref_pic_set_idx ue(v)   Else     short_term_ref_pic_set( )    if(long_term_ref_pics_present_flag )     long_term_ref_pic set( )   }   if(slice_type = = P | | slice_type = = B ) {   num_ref_idx_active_override_flag u(1)    if(num_ref_idx_active_override_flag) {     num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1ue(v)     if( slice_type = = B)      num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 ue(v)   }   }   ref_pic_list_modification( )   ref_pic_list_combination( )  } if( entropy_coding_mode_flag && slice_type != I)   cabac_init_idc ue(v) first_slice_in_pic_flag u(1)  if( first_slice_in_pic_flag == 0)  slice_address u(v)  if( !lightweight_slice_flag ) {   slice_qp_deltase(v)   if( sample_adaptive_offset_enabled flag )    sao_param( )    if(deblocking_filter_control_present_flag ) {   disable_deblocking_filter_idc    if( disable_deblocking_filter_idc!=1 ) {     slice_alpha_c0_offset_div2     slice_beta_offset_div2    }  }   if( slice_type = = B )    collocated_from_l0_flag u(1)   if(adaptive_loop_filter_enabled_flag ) {    if(!shared_pps_info_present_flag )     alf_param( )   alf_cu_control_param( )   }  } }

no_output_of_prior_pics_flag specifies how the previously-decodedpictures in the decoded picture buffer are treated after decoding of anIDR picture. When the IDR picture is the first IDR picture in thebitstream, the value of no_output_of_prior_pics_flag may have no effecton the decoding process. When the IDR picture is not the first IDRpicture in the bitstream and the value of pic_width_in_luma_samples orpic_height_in_luma_samples or max_dec_frame_buffering derived from theactive sequence parameter set may be different from the value ofpic_width_in_luma_samples or pic_height_in_luma_samples ormax_dec_frame_buffering derived from the sequence parameter set activefor the preceding picture, no_output_of_prior_pics_flag equal to 1 may,but not necessarily, be inferred by the decoder, regardless of theactual value of no_output_of_prior_pics_flag.

short_term_ref_pic_set_pps_flag equal to 1 specifies that theidentification information of the set of short-term reference picturesincluded in the reference picture set for the current picture is presentin the referred picture parameter set. short_term_ref_pic_set_pps_flagequal to 0 specifies that the identification information of the set ofshort-term reference pictures included in the reference picture set forthe current picture is not present in the referred picture parameterset.

short_term_ref_pic_set_idx specifies the index of theshort_term_ref_pic_set( ) syntax structure, included in the referredpicture parameter set, that includes the identification information ofthe set of short-term reference pictures in the reference picture setfor the current picture.

The variable NumShortTermCurr0 and NumShortTermCurr1 are specified as:

NumShortTermCurr0=num_short_term_curr0

NumShortTermCurr1=num_short_term_curr1

Where num_short_term_curr0 and num_short_term_curr0 are the syntaxelements of the same names, respectively, in the short_term_ref_pic_set() syntax structure, either present in the referred picture parameter setand referenced by short_term_ref_pic_set_idx, or directly present in theslice header.

num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 specifies the maximum reference index forreference picture list 0 that shall be used to decode the slice.

When the current slice is a P or B slice andnum_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 is not present,num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 may be inferred to be equal tonum_ref_idx_l0_default_active_minus1.

The value of num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 may be in the range of 0 to15, inclusive.

num_ref idx_l1_active_minus1 specifies the maximum reference index forreference picture list 1 that shall be used to decode the slice.

When the current slice is a P or B slice andnum_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 is not present,num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 may be inferred to be equal tonum_ref_idx_l1_default_active_minus1.

The value of num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 may be in the range of 0 to15, inclusive.

TABLE 5 Long-term reference picture set syntax Descriptorlong_term_ref_pic_set( ) {  num_long_term_pps_curr ue(v) num_long_term_add_curr ue(v)  num_long_term_pps_foll ue(v) num_long_term_add_foll ue(v)  for( i = 0; i < num_long_term_pps_curr + num_long_term_pps_foll; i++ )   long_term_ref_pic_set_idx_pps[ i ]ue(v)  for( i = 0; i < num_long_term_add_curr +  num_long_term_add_foll;i++)   long_term_ref_pic_id_delta_add[ i ] i(v) }

The long-term reference picture set syntax may be for long-termpictures. A long-term picture may be defined as a reference picture forwhich the identification information is included in thelong_term_ref_pic_set( ) syntax structure for a coded picture.

num_long_term_pps_curr specifies the number of all long-term referencepictures that the identification information is included in the referredpicture parameter set and that may be used for inter prediction of thecurrent picture. If num_long_term_pps_curr is not present, the value maybe derived as equal to 0. The value of num_long_term_pps_curr may be inthe range of 0 to max_num_ref_frames, inclusive.

num_long_term_add_curr specifies the number of all long-term referencepictures that the identification information is not included in thereferred picture parameter set and that may be used for inter predictionof the current picture. If num_long_term_add_curr is not present, thevalue may be derived as equal to 0. The value of num_long_term_add_currmay be in the range of 0 to max_num_ref_frames−num_long_term_pps_curr,inclusive.

The variable NumLongTermCurr is specified as:

NumLongTermCurr=num_long_term_pps_curr+num_long_term_add_curr

num_long_term_pps_foll specifies the number of all long-term referencepictures that the identification information is included in the referredpicture parameter set, that are not used for inter prediction of thecurrent picture, and that may be used for inter prediction of any of thepictures following the current picture in decoding order. Ifnum_long_term_pps_foll is not present, the value may be derived as equalto 0. The value of num_long_term_pps_foll may be in the range of 0 tomax_num_ref_frames, inclusive.

num_long_term_add_foll specifies the number of all long-term referencepictures that the identification information is not included in thereferred picture parameter set, that are not used for inter predictionof the current picture, and that may be used for inter prediction of anyof the following pictures in decoding order. If num_long_term_add_follis not present, the value may be derived as equal to 0. The value ofnum_long_term_add_foll may be in the range of 0 tomax_num_ref_frames−num_long_term_pps_foll, inclusive.

long_term_ref_pic_set_idx_pps[i] specifies the index, to the list oflong-term reference picture identification information included in thereferred picture parameter set, of the i-th long-term reference pictureinherited from the referred picture parameter set to the referencepicture set of the current picture. The value oflong_term_ref_pic_set_idx_pps[i] may be in the range of 0 to 31,inclusive.

long_term_ref_pic_id_delta_add[i] specifies the long-term referencepicture identification information of the i-th long-term referencepicture that is not inherited from the referred picture parameter setbut included in the reference picture set of the current picture. Thenumber of bits used to represent long_term_ref_pic_id_add_curr[i] may beequal to long term_pic_id_len_minus4+4.

With the above signaled or derived values (i.e., the values in Tables1-5), video decoder 30 may derive the reference picture set. Asdescribed above, the derived reference picture set may identifyreference pictures that can potentially be used to code/predict thecurrent picture (i.e., the picture that is currently being decoded), andpictures that follow the current picture in decoding order. Inaccordance with the techniques described in this disclosure, thedecoding order of all of the reference pictures in the derived referencepicture set is earlier than the decoding order of the current picture.

The derivation process may include constructing the reference pictureset from a plurality of reference picture subsets. This process may beinvoked once per picture, after decoding of a slice header but prior tothe decoding of any coding unit and prior to the decoding process forreference picture list construction of the slice. For example, from thederived values and the signaled syntax elements, video decoder 30 maydetermine the POC values for the reference pictures that belong to thereference picture set. From the determined POC values, video decoder 30may construct reference picture subsets that together form the referencepicture set. In this way, by constructing the reference picture subsets,video decoder 30 may construct the reference picture set. For example,video decoder 30 may order the reference picture subsets in a particularmanner to derive the reference picture set. Ordering may refer to themanner in which video decoder 30 lists the reference picture subsets toderive the reference picture set.

As described above, to derive the reference picture set, video decoder30 may construct a plurality of reference picture subsets. In someexamples, video decoder 30 may construct six reference picture subsets.The six reference picture subsets may be named: RefPicSetStCurr0,RefPicSetStCurr1, RefPicSetStFoll0, RefPicSetStFoll1, RefPicSetLtCurr,and RefPicSetLtFoll. RefPicSetStCurr0 may be referred to asRefPicSetStCurrBefore, and RefPicSetStCurr1 may be referred to asRefPicSetStCurrAfter.

It should be understood that the six reference picture subsets aredescribed for purposes of illustration, and should not be construedlimiting. As one example, video decoder 30 may construct fewer referencepicture subsets than six reference picture subsets, e.g., by combiningsome of the subsets. Some of these examples where video decoder 30constructs less than six reference picture subsets are described below.However, for purposes of illustration, the techniques are described withexamples where video decoder 30 constructs six reference picturesubsets.

The RefPicSetStCurr0, RefPicSetStCurr1, RefPicSetStFoll0, andRefPicSetStFoll1 reference picture subsets may identify short-termreference pictures. In some examples, these reference picture subsetsmay identify short-term reference pictures based on whether theshort-term reference pictures are earlier in display order or later indisplay order than the current picture being coded, as well as whetherthe short-term reference pictures can potentially be used forinter-predicting the current picture and pictures following the currentpicture in decoding order, or can potentially be used forinter-predicting only the pictures following the current picture indecoding order.

For example, the RefPicSetStCurr0 reference picture subset may include,and may only include, identification information, such as POC values, ofall short-term reference pictures that have an earlier output or displayorder than the current picture, and that can potentially be used forreference in inter-prediction of the current picture, and canpotentially be used for reference in inter-prediction of one or morepictures following the current picture in decoding order. TheRefPicSetStCurr1 reference picture subset may include, and may onlyinclude, identification information of all short-term reference picturesthat have a later output or display order than the current picture andthat can potentially be used for reference in inter-prediction of thecurrent picture, and can potentially be used for reference ininter-prediction of one or more pictures following the current picturein decoding order.

The RefPicSetStFoll0 reference picture subset may include, and may onlyinclude, identification information of all short-term reference picturesthat have an earlier output or display order than the current picture,that can potentially be used for reference in inter-prediction of one ormore pictures following the current picture in decoding order, and thatcannot be used for reference in inter-prediction of the current picture.The RefPicSetStFoll1 reference picture subset may include, and may onlyinclude, identification information of all short-term reference picturesthat have a later output or display order than the current picture, thatcan potentially be used for reference in inter-prediction of one or morepictures following the current picture in decoding order, and thatcannot be used for reference in inter-prediction of the current picture.

The RefPicSetLtCurr and the RefPicSetLtFoll reference picture subsetsmay identify long-term reference pictures. In some examples, thesereference picture subsets may identify long-term reference picturesbased on whether the long-term reference pictures are earlier in displayorder or later in display order than the current picture being coded.

For example, the RefPicSetLtCurr reference picture subset may include,and may only include, the identification information of all long-termreference pictures that can potentially be used for reference ininter-prediction of the current picture, and that can potentially beused for reference in inter-prediction of one or more pictures followingthe current picture in decoding order. The RefPicSetLtFoll referencepicture subset may include, and may only include, the identificationinformation of all long-term reference pictures that can potentially beused for reference in inter-prediction of one or more pictures followingthe current picture in decoding order, and that cannot be used forreference in inter-prediction of the current picture.

If the current picture to be decoded is an IDR picture, video decoder 30may set the RefPicSetStCurr0, RefPicSetStCurr1, RefPicSetStFoll0,RefPicSetStFoll1, RefPicSetLtCurr, and RefPicSetLtFoll reference picturesubsets to empty. This may be because the IDR picture may not beinter-predicted and that no picture after the IDR picture in decodingorder can use any picture prior to the IDR picture in decoding forreference. Otherwise (e.g., when the current picture is non-IDRpicture), video decoder 30 may construct the short-term referencepicture subsets and the long-term reference picture subsets byimplementing the following pseudo code.

For example, when video decoder 30 decodes an instance of theshort_term_ref_pic_set( ) syntax structure, either in the slice headeror by reference to the referred picture parameter set, video decoder 30may implement the following pseudo code to construct theRefPicSetStCurr0, RefPicSetStCurr1, RefPicSetStFoll0, andRefPicSetStFoll1 reference picture subsets.

cIdx = 0 for( i = 0, pocPred = PicOrderCnt( CurrPic ); i <num_short_term_curr0; pocPred = RefPicSetStCurr0[ i ], i++, cIdx++ )RefPicSetStCurr0[ i ] = pocPred − short_term_ref_pic_id_delta_minus1[cIdx ] − 1 for( i = 0, pocPred= PicOrderCnt( CurrPic ); i <num_short_term_curr1; pocPred = RefPicSetStCurr1[ i ], i++, cIdx++ )RefPicSetStCurr1[ i ] = short_term_ref_pic_id_delta_minus1 [ cIdx ] + 1− pocPred for( i = 0, pocPred= PicOrderCnt( CurrPic ); i <num_short_term_foll0; pocPred = RefPicSetStFoll[ i ], i++, cIdx++ )RefPicSetStFoll0[ i ] = pocPred − short_term_ref_pic_id_delta_minus1[cIdx ] − 1 for( i = 0, pocPred= PicOrderCnt( CurrPic ); i <num_short_term_foll1; pocPred = RefPicSetStFoll[ i ], i++, cIdx++ )RefPicSetStFoll1[ i ] = short_term_ref_pic_id_delta_minus1[ cIdx ] + 1 −pocPred

If video decoder 30 determines that the long_term_ref_pics_present_flagis equal to 0, video decoder 30 may set the RefPicSetLtCurr and theRefPicSetLtFoll to empty because, for this case, there are no long-termreference pictures. Otherwise, if video decoder 30 decodes an instanceof the long_term_ref_pic_set( ) syntax structure in the slice header,video decoder 30 may implement the following pseudo code to constructthe RefPicSetLtCurr and RefPicSetLtFoll reference picture subsets.

cIdx = 0 for( i = 0; i < num_long_term_pps_curr; i++, cIdx++ ) { pIdx =long_term_ref_pic_idx_pps[ i ] RefPicSetLtCurr[ cIdx ] =long_term_ref_pic_id_ pps[ pIdx ] } for( i = 0; i <num_long_term_add_curr; i++, cIdx++ ) { picIdDelta =long_term_ref_pic_id_delta_add[ i ] RefPicSetLtCurr[ cIdx ] =PicOrderCnt( CurrPic) − picIdDelta } cIdx = 0 for( i = 0; i <num_long_term_pps_foll; i++, cIdx++ ) { pIdx =long_term_ref_pic_idx_pps[ i + num_long_term_pps_curr ] RefPicSetLtFoll[cIdx ] = long_term_ref_pic_id_ pps[ pIdx ] } for( i = 0;i <num_long_term_add_foll; i++, cIdx++ ) { picIdDelta =long_term_ref_pic_id_delta_add[ i + num_long_term_add_curr]RefPicSetLtFoll[ cIdx] = PicOrderCnt( CurrPic ) − picIdDelta }

In accordance with the techniques described in this disclosure, areference picture with a particular value of PicOrderCnt (POC value) maybe referred to as included in the reference picture set of a codedpicture if the reference picture is included in any of the six subsetsof the reference picture set of that coded picture. A reference picturewith a particular value of PicOrderCnt is referred to as included in aparticular subset of the reference picture set if the particular valueof PicOrderCnt (POC value) is equal to one of the PicOrderCnt valuesincluded in the that subset.

After constructing the reference picture subsets, video decoder 30 mayderive the reference picture set. For example, video decoder 30 mayorder the reference picture subsets to derive the reference picture set.As one example, video decoder 30 may list the RefPicSetStCurr0 referencepicture subset, followed by the RefPicSetStCurr1 reference picturesubset, followed by the RefPicSetStFoll0 reference picture subset,followed by the RefPicSetStFoll1 reference picture subset, followed bythe RefPicSetLtCurr reference picture subset, and then theRefPicSetLtFoll reference picture subset. As another example, videodecoder 30 may list the RefPicSetStCurr0 reference picture subset,followed by the RefPicSetStCurr1 reference picture subset, followed bythe RefPicSetLtCurr reference picture subset, followed by theRefPicSetStFoll0 reference picture subset, followed by theRefPicSetStFoll1, and then the RefPicSetLtFoll reference picture subset.

Other permutations of the manner in which video decoder 30 orders thereference picture subsets may be possible for deriving the referencepicture set. In some examples, the constructing of the reference picturesubsets and the deriving of the reference picture set may be combinedtogether. For example, the constructing of the reference picture subsetsmay automatically result in video decoder 30 deriving the referencepicture set. In other words, video decoder 30 may not need to performdifferent steps for constructing the reference picture subsets andderiving the reference picture set, although it may be possible forvideo decoder 30 to first construct the reference picture subsets andthen derive the reference picture set.

Also, in accordance with the techniques described in this disclosure,constructing the reference picture set in the manner described above mayresult in video decoder 30 satisfying the following restrictions. Forexample, a particular reference picture with a particular value ofPicOrderCnt may not be included in more than one of the referencepicture subsets of the reference picture set of the current picture. Inother words, a reference picture identified in one of the referencepicture subsets may not be identified in any of the other referencepicture subsets. As another example, in the derived reference pictureset, there may be no reference picture with temporal_id greater than thecurrent picture that is included in any of the reference picture subsetsthat form the reference picture set.

As described above, the temporal identification value (temporal_id) maybe a hierarchical value that indicates which pictures can be used forcoding/predicting the current picture. In general, a picture with aparticular temporal_id value can possibly be a reference picture forpictures with equal or greater temporal_id values, but not vice-versa.For example, a picture with a temporal_id value of 1 can possibly be areference picture for pictures with temporal_id values of 1, 2, 3, . . ., but not for a picture with a temporal_ID value of 0.

The lowest temporal_id value may also indicate the lowest display rate.For example, if video decoder 30 only decoded pictures with temporal_idvalues of 0, the display rate may be 7.5 pictures per second. If videodecoder 30 only decoded pictures with temporal_id values of 0 and 1, thedisplay rate may be 15 pictures per second, and so forth.

In some examples, only pictures with temporal_id values less than orequal to the temporal_id of the current picture may be included in thereference picture set of the current picture. As described above, onlypictures with temporal_id values less than or equal to the temporal_idof the current picture can be used as reference pictures. Thus, allreference pictures with lower or equal temporal_id values may be used bythe current picture for inter-prediction and may be included in thereference picture set. Also, some reference pictures that have greatertemporal_id values than the current picture and that are to be used bypictures following the current picture in decoding order and havinggreater temporal_id values than the current picture are excluded fromthe reference picture set.

With these techniques, signaling of temporal_id in addition to thepicture identification for derivation of the reference picture set isnot needed; hence, the reference picture set signaling becomes moreefficient. For example, video encoder 20 may not signal temporal_idvalues of the reference pictures that belong to the reference pictureset, and video decoder 30 may not need to receive temporal_id values ofthe reference pictures that belong to the reference picture set forpurposes of deriving the reference picture set.

Furthermore, in this manner, the constructed reference picture subsetsmay not identify reference pictures with temporal_id values greater thanthat of the current picture. For example, video decoder 30 may be ableto construct the reference picture subsets, and ensure that no referencepicture identified in any of the reference picture subsets has atemporal_id value greater than that of the current picture because thebitstream conformance may require that the temporal_id values are notincluded in bitstream signaled by video encoder 20 and received by videodecoder 30. In this manner, video decoder 30 may derive the referencepicture set without receiving temporal identification values for thereference pictures that belong to the reference picture set.

In the above examples, video decoder 30 may construct six referencepicture subsets, four for short-term reference pictures (i.e.,RefPicSetStCurr0, RefPicSetStCurr1, RefPicSetStFoll0, andRefPicSetStFoll1), and two for long-term reference pictures (i.e.,RefPicSetLtCurr and RefPicSetLtFoll). However, aspects of thisdisclosure are not so limited. In other examples, two or more of thesereference picture subsets may be combined into one reference picturesubset, resulting in fewer reference picture subsets that video decoder30 constructs. The following describe some non-limiting examples inwhich video decoder 30 may construct fewer reference picture subsets.There may be other ways in which video decoder 30 may construct fewerreference picture subsets.

For instance, in some examples, there may be no separation of the subsetfor the current picture and the subset for the following pictures indecoding order. Thus, there may be two subsets for short-term referencepictures, referred to as RefPicSetSt0 and RefPicSetSt1, and there may beonly one subset for long-term reference pictures, referred to asRefPicSetLt. In this example, the RefPicSetSt0 reference picture subsetmay be the concatenation of RefPicSetStCurr0 and RefPicSetStFoll0, withRefPicSetStCurr0 at the beginning of the concatenation result. In thisexample, the RefPicSetSt1 reference picture subset may be theconcatenation of RefPicSetStCurr1 and RefPicSetStFoll1, withRefPicSetStCurr1 at the beginning of the concatenation result. TheRefPicSetLt reference picture subset may be the concatenation ofRefPicSetLtCurr and RefPicSetLtFoll, with RefPicSetLtCurr at thebeginning of the concatenation result.

As another example, there may be no separation of the subset withearlier or later output order than the current picture. This may applyonly to short-term reference pictures. Thus, there may be two subsetsfor short-term reference pictures, referred to as RefPicSetStCurr andRefPicSetStFoll. The RefPicSetStCurr reference picture subset may be theconcatenation of RefPicSetStCurr0 and RefPicSetStCurr1, withRefPicSetStCurr0 at the beginning of the concatenation result. TheRefPicSetStFoll reference picture subset may be the concatenation ofRefPicSetStFoll0 and RefPicSetStFoll1, with RefPicSetStFoll0 at thebeginning of the concatenation result.

As another example, both types of separations mentioned above may not beapplied. Thus, there may be only one subset for short-term referencepictures, referred to as RefPicSetSt, and only one subset for long-termreference pictures, referred to as RefPicSetLt. The RefPicSetStreference picture subset may be a concatenation of RefPicSetStCurr0,RefPicSetStCurr1, RefPicSetStFoll0, and RefPicSetStFoll1, in the orderlisted (or any other order), and RefPicSetLt may be the same as above.

The above techniques describe an example manner in which video decoder30 may derive the reference picture set. During the encoding process,video encoder 20 may also need to decode encoded pictures for purposesof encoding subsequent pictures, in what is referred to as thereconstruction process. Accordingly, in some examples, video encoder 20may also be configured to derive the reference picture set. In someexamples, video encoder 20 may implement the same techniques that videodecoder 30 implemented to derive the reference picture set. However,derivation of the reference picture set by video encoder 20 may not berequired in every example, and video decoder 30 may be the only coderthat derives the reference picture set.

Accordingly, in some examples, a video coder (e.g., video encoder 20 orvideo decoder 30) may code (e.g., encode or decode, respectively)information indicative of reference pictures that belong to a referencepicture set. For example, video encoder 20 may signal an encodedbitstream that includes values to determine which reference picturesbelong to the reference picture set. Similarly, video decoder 30 maydecode the bitstream to determine which reference pictures belong to thereference picture set.

The video coder may construct a plurality of reference picture subsetsthat each identifies zero or more of the reference pictures. Forexample, the video coder may construct six reference picture subsets(i.e., the RefPicSetStCurr0, RefPicSetStCurr1, RefPicSetStFoll0,RefPicSetStFoll1, RefPicSetLtCurr, and RefPicSetLtFoll reference picturesubsets), where each of the subsets identifies zero or more referencepictures. In some examples, the video coder may code the current picturebased on the plurality of reference picture subsets.

For instance, the video coder may derive the reference picture set fromthe constructed plurality of reference picture subsets. For example, thevideo coder may order the reference picture subsets in any order toderive the reference picture set, or may derive the reference pictureset as part of the construction of the reference picture subsets. Insome examples, from the derived reference picture set, the video codermay code the current picture. Because the reference picture set isderived from the plurality of reference picture subsets, the video codermay be considered as coding the current picture based on the pluralityof reference picture subsets.

In some examples, to order the reference picture subsets, the videocoder may construct the reference picture subsets in the order in whichthe reference picture subset are to be listed in the reference pictureset. For example, the video coder may first construct theRefPicSetLtCurr reference picture subset, then construct theRefPicSetLtFoll reference picture subset, then construct theRefPicSetStCurr0 reference picture subset, then construct theRefPicSetStCurr1 reference picture subset, then construct theRefPicSetStFoll0 reference picture subset, and then construct theRefPicSetStFoll1 reference picture subset. In this illustrative example,the order of the reference picture subsets in the reference picture setmay be RefPicSetLtCurr, RefPicSetLtFoll, RefPicSetStCurr0,RefPicSetStCurr1, RefPicSetStFoll0, and RefPicSetStFoll1, in that order,although other orders are possible.

In accordance with the example techniques described in this disclosure,after deriving the reference picture set, video decoder 30 may beingdecoding of slices within the current picture. Part of the decodingprocess involves construction of one or two reference picture lists. Areference picture list is a list of reference pictures that is used forprediction of a P or B slice. For the decoding process of a P slice,there is one reference picture list (List 0). For the decoding processof a B slice, there are two reference picture lists (List 0 and List 1).List 0, sometimes referred to as reference picture list 0 orRefPicList0, is a reference picture list used for inter-prediction of aP or B slice. All inter-prediction used for P slices uses List 0.Reference picture list 0 is one of the two reference picture lists usedfor bi-prediction for a B slice, with the other being reference picturelist 1. List 1, sometimes referred to as reference picture list 1 orRefPicList1, is a reference picture list used for prediction of a Bslice. Reference picture list 1 is one of two reference picture listsused for prediction for a B slice, with the other being referencepicture list 0. Some blocks in a B slice may be bi-predicted, using bothList 0 and List1, and some blocks in a B slice may be uni-predicted,using either List 0 or List 1.

To construct the reference picture lists, video decoder 30 may implementa default construction technique to construct initial List 0 and, for Bslices, initial List 1. The construction of the initial List 0 andinitial List 1 may be referred to as the initialization process. In someexamples, the coded bitstream may indicate that video decoder 30 shouldmodify the initial List 0 and/or initial List 1 to generate the finalList 0 and the final List 1. The modification of the initial List 0and/or initial List 1 may be referred to as the modification process.The modification process may not be required in every example, and themanner in which video decoder 30 may implement the modification processis described in more detail below. In accordance with the techniquesdescribed in this disclosure, when the modification of the initial List0 or the initial List 1 is not needed, the final List 0 or the finalList 1 (i.e., the reference picture list 0 or 1 that is used to decodethe slice of the current picture) may be equal to the initial List 0 orthe initial List 1. In this way, reference picture list reordering maynot be needed.

In the techniques described in this disclosure, video decoder 30 mayconstruct the initial List 0 or the initial List 1 in such a manner thatvideo decoder 30 may not need to perform reordering of the referencepictures to be included in the initial List 0 or the initial List 1,regardless of whether the modification process is needed, because thereference pictures in each of the reference picture subsets are alreadyin a proper order. For example, in some other techniques, regardless ofwhether the modification process is needed, reordering of the referencepictures to be included in the initial List 0 or the initial List 1according to their POC values when adding or listing the referencepictures into the initial List 0 or the initial List 1 is needed.

In the initialization process, video decoder 30 may implement a defaultconstruction technique to construct the initial List 0 and the initialList 1. The default construction technique may mean that video decoder30 constructs the initial reference picture lists without receivingsyntax elements from video encoder 20 regarding the manner in whichvideo decoder 30 should construct the initial reference picture lists,or which reference pictures should be identified in the initialreference picture lists.

Video decoder 30 may invoke the reference picture list constructionprocess when decoding a P or B slice header. For example, when decodinga P slice, video decoder 30 may invoke the process for constructinginitial List 0, but may not invoke the process for constructing theinitial List 1 because a block in a P slice is only un-predicted withrespect to a reference picture identified in List 0. When decoding a Bslice, video decoder 30 may invoke the process for constructing theinitial List 0 and constructing the initial List 1 because a block in aB slice may be bi-predicted with respect to reference picturesidentified in each of the List 0 and the List 1.

In accordance with the example techniques described in this disclosure,video decoder 30 may utilize reference picture subsets for constructingthe initial List 0 and the initial List 1. For example, the initial List0 and the initial List 1 may list zero or more reference picturesidentified in RefPicSetStCurr0, RefPicSetStCurr1, or RefPicSetLtCurr. Inthis example, when the reference picture list construction process isinvoked, there may be at least one reference picture inRefPicSetStCurr0, RefPicSetStCurr1, and RefPicSetLtCurr. Although theinitial List 0 and the initial List 1 may identify one or more referencepictures from the same reference picture subsets, the order in whichvideo decoder 30 adds the reference pictures in the initial List 0 maybe different than the order in which video decoder 30 adds the referencepictures in the initial List 1.

In this disclosure, when video decoder 30 adds (e.g., lists) referencepictures from one or more of the reference picture subsets in initialList 0 or initial List 1, this disclosure refers to video decoder 30identifying the reference pictures in the initial List 0 or initialList 1. For example, the plurality of reference picture subsets may eachidentify zero or more reference pictures. To construct initial List 0and initial List 1, video decoder 30 may identify one or more of thereference pictures that are identified in the reference picture subsetsinto the initial List 0 or the initial List 1.

To avoid confusion and to assist with clarity, this disclosure may referto video decoder 30 listing or adding zero or more of the referencepictures that are identified in the reference picture subsets into theinitial List 0 and the initial List 1 to construct the initial List 0and the initial List 1. In this manner, video decoder 30 adding orlisting reference pictures means that video decoder 30 adds or lists anidentifier of the reference picture identified in reference picturesubset. Accordingly, the resulting initial List 0 and initial List 1include a plurality of identifiers for the reference pictures that canpotentially be used for coding a block or slice of a current picture.These reference pictures are stored in respective decoded picturebuffers of video decoder 30 and video encoder 20.

For example, to construct the initial List 0, video decoder 30 may firstlist (e.g., add) the reference pictures identified in RefPicSetStCurr0in initial List 0, followed by the reference pictures identified inRefPicSetStCurr1 in initial List 0, and then reference picturesidentified in RefPicSetLtCurr in initial List 0. To construct theinitial List 1, video decoder 30 may first list (e.g., add) thereference pictures identified in RefPicSetStCurr1 in initial List 1,followed by the reference pictures identified in RefPicSetStCurr0 ininitial List 1, and then reference pictures identified inRefPicSetLtCurr in initial List 1.

Moreover, in addition to adding the reference pictures in the referencepicture subsets in different order, video decoder 30 may utilize adifferent number of reference pictures from each of the referencepicture subsets when constructing List 0 and List 1. For example, List 0and List 1 need not include all of the reference pictures fromRefPicSetStCurr0, RefPicSetStCurr1, and RefPicSetLtCurr. Rather, thenumber of reference pictures that are listed from these examplereference picture subsets to construct initial List 0 and initial List 1may be based on the syntax elements that indicate the maximum number ofreference pictures within each of the initial List 0 and the initialList 1.

For example, for the initial List 0, video encoder 20 may signal thenum_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 syntax element for P and B slices in theslice header, and the num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 syntax element for Bslices that are bi-predicted. As described above, thenum_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 may define the maximum number of referencepictures that can be in the initial List 0, andnum_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 may define the maximum number of referencepictures that can be in the initial List 1. In some examples, it may bepossible that the value of num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 is differentthan the value of num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1, although this may not benecessary in every example. In some examples, the value ofnum_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 may be the same as the value ofnum_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1.

As described above, video decoder 30 may receive in the coded bitstreamthe values for num_short_term_curr0 and num_short_term_curr1. Videodecoder 30 may define the variable NumShortTermCurr0 equal tonum_short_term_curr0 and define the variable NumShortTermCurr1 equal tonum_short_term_curr1. NumShortTermCurr0 may indicate the number ofreference pictures in the RefPicSetStCurr0 reference picture subset, andNumShortTermCurr1 may indicate the number of reference pictures in theRefPicSetStCurr1 reference picture subset.

Video decoder 30 may also receive in the coded bitstream the values fornum_long_term_pps_curr and num_long_term_add_curr. Video decoder 30 maydefine the variable NumLongTermCurr as equal to num_long_term_pps_currplus num_long_term_add_curr. NumLongTermCurr may indicate the number ofreference pictures in RefPicSetLtCurr.

To construct the initial List 0, video decoder 30 may first addreference pictures in RefPicSetStCurr0 into the initial List 0 untilvideo decoder 30 added all reference pictures in RefPicSetStCurr0 intothe initial List 0, and as long as the number of entries in initial List0 (e.g., the number of reference pictures identified in List 0) is lessthan or equal to num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1. For example,NumShortTermCurr0 may indicate the number of reference pictures in theRefPicSetStCurr0 reference picture subset. In this example, videodecoder 30 may list (e.g., add) reference pictures from theRefPicSetStCurr0 reference picture subset until the number of referencepictures listed from RefPicSetStCurr0 equals NumShortTermCurr0. However,while listing reference pictures of RefPicSetStCurr0 into initial List0, if the total number of entries in initial List 0 equalsnum_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1, then video decoder 30 may stop addingreference pictures in the RefPicSetStCurr0 reference picture subset evenif there are additional pictures in RefPicSetStCurr0 that have not beenlisted in initial List 0. In this case, video decoder 30 may havecompleted the construction of initial List 0.

After video decoder 30 listed all reference pictures in theRefPicSetStCurr0 reference picture subset and the total number ofentries in initial List 0 is less than num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1,video decoder 30 may then add reference pictures in RefPicSetStCurr1until video decoder 30 identified all reference pictures inRefPicSetStCurr1, and as long as the number of entries in initial List 0(e.g., the number of reference pictures identified in List 0) is lessthan or equal to num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1. For example, similar toabove, NumShortTermCurr1 may indicate the number of reference picturesin the RefPicSetStCurr1 reference picture subset. In this example, videodecoder 30 may list reference pictures from the RefPicSetStCurr1reference picture subset until the number of reference pictures listedfrom the RefPicSetStCurr1 equals NumShortTermCurr1. However, whilelisting reference pictures from RefPicSetStCurr1, if the total number ofentries in initial List 0 equals num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1, thenvideo decoder 30 may stop adding reference pictures from theRefPicSetStCurr1 reference picture subset even if there are additionalpictures in RefPicSetStCurr1 that have not been listed in initial List0. In this case, video decoder 30 may have completed the construction ofinitial List 0.

After video decoder 30 lists all reference pictures in theRefPicSetStCurr1 reference picture subset and the total number ofentries in initial List 0 is less than num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1,video decoder 30 may then list reference pictures in RefPicSetLtCurruntil video decoder 30 listed all reference pictures in RefPicSetLtCurr,and as long as the number of entries in initial List 0 (e.g., the numberof reference pictures identified in List 0) is less than or equal tonum_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1. For example, similar to above,NumLongTermCurr may indicate the number of reference pictures in theRefPicSetLtCurr reference picture subset. In this example, video decoder30 may list reference pictures from the RefPicSetLtCurr referencepicture subset until the number of reference pictures listed from theRefPicSetLtCurr equals NumLongTermCurr. However, while listing referencepictures from RefPicSetLtCurr into initial List 0, if the total numberof entries in initial List 0 equals num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1, thenvideo decoder 30 may stop adding reference pictures in theRefPicSetLtCurr reference picture subset even if there are additionalpictures in RefPicSetLtCurr that have not been listed in initial List 0.In this case, video decoder 30 may have completed the construction ofinitial List 0.

The following pseudo code illustrates the manner in which video decoder30 may construct the initial List 0.

cIdx = 0 while( cIdx <= num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 ) { for( i=0; i <NumShortTermCurr0 && cIdx <= num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1; cIdx++, i++)RefPicList0[ cIdx ] = RefPicSetStCurr0[ i ] for( i=0; i <NumShortTermCurr1 && cIdx <= num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1; cIdx++, i++)RefPicList0[ cIdx ] = RefPicSetStCurr1[ i ] for( i=0; i <NumLongTermCurr && cIdx <= num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1; cIdx++, i++)RefPicList0[ cIdx ] = RefPicSetLtCurr[ i ] }

In the above pseudo code, RefPicList0 may be the initial List 0. Inexamples where modification of the List 0 is not needed, the final List0 may equal the initial List 0. Therefore, in examples wheremodification of the List 0 is not needed, RefPicList0, in the abovepseudo code, may be the final List 0.

Video decoder 30 may similarly construct the initial List 1. However, toconstruct the initial List 1, video decoder 30 may first add thereference pictures from the RefPicSetStCurr1 reference picture subsetinto initial List 1, followed by the RefPicSetStCurr0 reference picturesubset into initial List 1, and followed by the RefPicSetLtCurrreference picture subset into initial List 1. Also, similar to above,if, while listing reference pictures from any one of theRefPicSetStCurr1, RefPicSetStCurr0, and RefPicSetLtCurr referencepicture subsets, the total number of entries in the initial List 1equals num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1, video decoder 30 may stop addingreference pictures, even if there are additional reference pictures inthese reference picture subsets.

For example, to construct the initial List 1, video decoder 30 may firstlist reference pictures from RefPicSetStCurr1 until video decoder 30identified all reference pictures in RefPicSetStCurr1, and as long asthe number of entries in the initial List 1 (e.g., the number ofreference pictures identified in List 1) is less than or equal tonum_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1. For example, the value ofNumShortTermCurr1 may indicate when video decoder 30 completed listingall of the reference pictures in the RefPicSetStCurr1 reference picturesubset. However, while listing reference pictures from RefPicSetStCurr1,if the total number of entries in the initial List 1 equalsnum_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1, then video decoder 30 may stop addingreference pictures in the RefPicSetStCurr1 reference picture subset evenif there are additional pictures in RefPicSetStCurr1 that have not beenlisted in the initial List 1. In this case, video decoder 30 may havecompleted the construction of the initial List 1.

After video decoder 30 lists all reference pictures in theRefPicSetStCurr1 reference picture subset and the total number ofentries in the initial List 1 is less than num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1,video decoder 30 may then list reference pictures from RefPicSetStCurr0until video decoder 30 listed all reference pictures inRefPicSetStCurr0, and as long as the number of entries in the initialList 1 (e.g., the number of reference pictures identified in List 1) isless than or equal to num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1. For example, similarto above, the value of NumShortTermCurr0 may indicate when video decoder30 completed listing all of the reference pictures in theRefPicSetStCurr0 reference picture subset. However, while listingreference pictures from RefPicSetStCurr0 into initial List 1, if thetotal number of entries in the initial List 1 equalsnum_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1, then video decoder 30 may stop addingreference pictures in the RefPicSetStCurr0 reference picture subset evenif there are additional pictures in RefPicSetStCurr0 that have not beenlisted in the initial List 1. In this case, video decoder 30 may havecompleted the construction of the initial List 1.

After video decoder 30 lists all reference pictures in theRefPicSetStCurr0 reference picture subset and the total number ofentries in the initial List 1 is less than num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1,video decoder 30 may then list reference pictures in RefPicSetLtCurruntil video decoder 30 lists all reference pictures in RefPicSetLtCurr,and as long as the number of entries in the initial List 1 (e.g., thenumber of reference pictures identified in List 1) is less than or equalto num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1. For example, similar to above, thevalue of NumLongTermCurr may indicate when video decoder 30 completedlisting all of the reference pictures in the RefPicSetLtCurr referencepicture subset. However, while listing reference pictures fromRefPicSetLtCurr, if the total number of entries in the initial List 1equals num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1, then video decoder 30 may stopadding reference pictures in the RefPicSetLtCurr reference picturesubset even if there are additional pictures in RefPicSetLtCurr thathave not been listed in the initial List 1. In this case, video decoder30 may have completed the construction of the initial List 1.

The following pseudo code illustrates the manner in which video decoder30 may construct the initial List 1.

cIdx = 0 while( cIdx <= num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 ) { for( i=0; i <NumShortTermCurr1 && cIdx <= num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1; cIdx++, i++)RefPicList1[ cIdx ] = RefPicSetStCurr1[ i ] for( i=0; i <NumShortTermCurr0 && cIdx <= num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1; cIdx++, i++)RefPicList1[ cIdx ] = RefPicSetStCurr0[ i ] for( i=0; i <NumLongTermCurr && cIdx <= num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1; cIdx++, i++)RefPicList1[ cIdx ] = RefPicSetLtCurr[ i ] }

In the above pseudo code, RefPicList1 may be the initial List 1. Inexamples where modification of List 1 is not needed, the final List 1may equal the initial List 1. Therefore, in examples where modificationof List 1 is not needed, RefPicList1, in the above pseudo code, may bethe final List 1.

The preceding is one example way in which video decoder 30 may constructthe final list 0 and final list 1, when reference picture listmodification is not needed. In other examples, video decoder 30 may addthe reference picture subsets in a different order than those describedabove. In yet some other examples, video decoder 30 may add referencepicture subsets other than those described above.

Although the preceding examples described the techniques for referencepicture list construction being performed by video decoder 30, aspectsof this disclosure are not so limited, and video encoder 20 mayimplement similar techniques for constructing the reference picturelists. However, it may not be necessary for video encoder 20 toconstruct the reference picture lists in the same manner in which videodecoder 30 constructs the reference picture lists.

Accordingly, a video coder (e.g., video encoder 20 or video decoder 30)may be configured to code (e.g., encode or decode) informationindicative of reference pictures that belong to a reference picture set.As described above, the reference pictures set identifies referencepictures that can potentially be used for inter-predicting a currentpicture and can potentially be used for inter-predicting one or morepictures following the current picture in decoding order.

The video coder may also be configured to construct a plurality ofreference picture subsets that each identifies zero or more referencepictures. For example, the video coder may construct at least theRefPicSetStCurr0, RefPicSetStCurr1, and RefPicSetLtCurr referencepicture subsets. The video coder may construct additional referencepicture subsets, such as the ones described above.

The video coder may then add reference pictures from a first referencepicture subset, followed by reference pictures from a second referencepicture subset, and followed by reference pictures from the a thirdreference picture subset into an initial reference picture list as longas a number of initial reference picture list entries is not greaterthan a maximum number of allowable reference picture list entries. Forexample, the video coder may list reference pictures from theRefPicSetStCurr0 reference picture subset, followed by theRefPicSetStCurr1 reference picture subset, and followed by theRefPicSetLtCurr subset into the initial List 0 as long as the number ofentries in the initial List 0 is not greater thannum_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1. Again, the value ofnum_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 may indicate the maximum number ofallowable reference picture list entries for List 0.

In some examples, the video coder may add the reference pictures fromthe first reference picture subset in the initial reference picture listuntil all reference pictures in the first reference picture subset arelisted in the initial reference picture list or the number of initialreference picture list entries is equal to the maximum number ofallowable reference picture list entries. When the number of initialreference picture list entries is less than the maximum number ofallowable reference picture list entries, and after adding the referencepictures from the first reference picture subset, the video coder mayadd the reference pictures from the second reference picture subset inthe initial reference picture list until all reference pictures in thesecond reference picture subset are listed in the initial referencepicture list or the number of initial reference picture list entries isequal to the maximum number of allowable reference picture list entries.When the number of initial reference picture list entries is less thanthe maximum number of allowable reference picture list entries, andafter adding the reference pictures from the second reference picturesubset, the video coder may add the reference pictures from the thirdreference picture subset in the initial reference picture list until allreference pictures in the third reference picture subset are listed inthe initial reference picture list or the number of initial referencepicture list entries is equal to the maximum number of allowablereference picture list entries.

The video coder may similarly construct the initial List 1. For example,the video coder may add reference pictures from the second referencepicture subset, followed by reference pictures from the first referencepicture subset, and followed by reference pictures from the thirdreference picture subset into initial List 1 as long as the number ofinitial reference picture list entries in initial List 1 is not greaterthan num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1. The num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1syntax element may define the maximum number of allowable entries inList 1.

In some examples, such as when modification is not needed, the initialList 0 and initial List 1 may equal final List 0 and final List 1. Inother words, the video coder may construct the final List 0 and finalList 1 without modification of the initial List 0 and the initial List 1when modification is not needed. In these cases, after constructing theinitial List 0 and initial List 1, the video coder may not need toperform additional steps to construct the final List 0 and final List 1(i.e., the reference pictures lists that the video coder uses to code ablock of the current picture).

As indicated in the above pseudo code, video decoder 30 may constructthe initial List 0, while cIdx is less than or equal tonum_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1, and may construct initial List 1, whilecIdx is less than or equal to num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1. This mayresult in video decoder 30 constructing the initial List 0 and theinitial List 1 without any non-completed entry in the reference picturelists. For example, in some other video coding techniques, a videodecoder for these other video techniques would construct the initialList 0 and List 1, utilizing techniques other than those described inthis disclosure. For these other video coding techniques, if the numberof entries in the initial List 0 and the initial List 1 were less thanthe maximum allowable number of entries, the video decoder for theseother video coding techniques, would fill the remaining entries in List0 and List 1 with “no reference picture” for the non-completed entries.The non-completed entries refer to entries in List 0 and List 1 afterthe last entry that identifies a reference picture and up to the lastpossible entry.

As an illustrative example to assist with understanding, a video decoderfor these other video coding techniques may construct a List 0 with fiveentries, where the maximum number of allowable entries is ten entries.In this example, the video decoder for these other video codingtechniques would fill the sixth through tenth entries as “no referencepicture.” In this example, the non-completed entries would be the sixthentry (e.g., the entry after the last entry that identifies a referencepicture) up to the tenth entry (e.g., the last possible entry as definedby the maximum number of allowable entries).

In accordance with the techniques of this disclosure, video decoder 30may construct initial List 0 and initial List 1 such that there are nonon-completed entries. Also, in examples where no reference picture listmodification is required, final List 0 and final List 1 may equalinitial List 0 and initial List 1. Therefore, in examples where noreference picture list modification is required, video decoder 30 mayconstruct final List 0 and final List 1 such that there are nonon-completed entries. Even where reference picture list modification isrequired, the modification may not result in any non-completed entries.Therefore, even in examples where reference picture list modification isrequired, video decoder 30 may construct final List 0 and final List 1such that there are no non-completed entries.

For example, List 0 and List 1 may be considered as lists with entries,and each entry may identify a reference picture (e.g., by its POCvalue). In other words, video decoder 30 may identify a referencepicture by its POC value in each entry of List 0 and List 1. The numberof entries in List 0 and List 1 may be defined by thenum_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 and the num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 syntaxelements, respectively.

To ensure that there are no non-completed entries, video decoder 30 mayrepeatedly list (e.g., add or identify) reference pictures from thereference picture subsets in initial List 0 and initial List 1 untilvideo decoder 30 determines which reference picture should be identifiedin each possible entry of the initial List 0 and the initial List 1. Forexample, as described above, for constructing the initial List 0, afteradding reference pictures from the RefPicSetStCurr0 and theRefPicSetStCurr1 reference picture subsets in the initial List 0, videodecoder 30 may add reference pictures from the RefPicSetLtCurr referencepicture subset in the initial List 0.

In some examples, it may be possible that the total number of entries inthe initial List 0 is less than the maximum number of allowable entriesin List 0 after video decoder 30 adds reference pictures from theRefPicSetLtCurr reference picture subset in the initial List 0. Forinstance, in the pseudo code for constructing the initial List 0, cIdxmay indicate the number of entries in List 0. In some examples, aftervideo decoder 30 identifies the reference pictures in RefPicSetLtCurr ininitial List 0, the value of cIdx may be less thannum_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1, where num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1specifies the maximum number of allowable entries in List 0.

In accordance with the techniques described in this disclosure, afterlisting the reference pictures from the three of the plurality ofreference picture subsets, if the number of entries in the initial List0 is less than the maximum number of allowable entries, video decoder 30may repeatedly add reference pictures from the three reference picturesubsets until all entries in List 0 are full. For example, after videodecoder 30 adds reference pictures from the RefPicSetLtCurr referencepicture set and the number of entries in the initial List 0 is less thanthe maximum number of allowable entries, video decoder 30 may thenrelist (e.g., re-add or re-identify) reference pictures from theRefPicSetStCurr0 reference picture subset.

In aspects described in this disclosure, when video decoder 30 lists thereference pictures from the RefPicSetStCurr0, RefPicSetStCurr1, and theRefPicSetLtCurr reference picture subsets, video decoder 30 may beconsidered as adding reference pictures from these plurality ofreference picture subsets into a first set of entries in the referencepicture list (e.g., List 0). For instance, the first set of entries maybe the entries in the reference picture list in which video decoder 30identified the reference pictures from the RefPicSetStCurr0,RefPicSetStCurr1, and the RefPicSetLtCurr reference picture subsets.Then, if the number of entries in the reference picture list is lessthan the maximum allowable number of entries, video decoder 30 mayrelist (e.g., re-add or re-identify) one or more reference pictures fromat least one of the RefPicSetStCurr0, RefPicSetStCurr1, and theRefPicSetLtCurr reference picture subsets into entries in the referencepicture list that are subsequent to the first set of entries. Theentries subsequent to the first set of entries may be the entriesfollowing the first set of entries, in which video decoder 30 addsalready listed reference pictures from one or more the RefPicSetStCurr0,RefPicSetStCurr1, and the RefPicSetLtCurr reference picture subsets, asdescribed below.

If, while re-adding reference pictures from the RefPicSetStCurr0reference picture subset, the total number of entries in initial List 0equals num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1, video decoder 30 may stop re-addingreference pictures in initial List 0. In this case, video decoder 30 mayhave completed the construction of initial List 0, and there may be nonon-completed entries. Otherwise, video decoder 30 may re-add referencepictures from the RefPicSetStCurr0 reference picture subset until allreference pictures from the RefPicSetStCurr0 reference picture subsetare relisted.

If after re-adding all reference pictures in the RefPicSetStCurr0reference picture subset, the number of entries in the initial List 0 isless than num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1, video decoder 30 may then re-addreference pictures from the RefPicSetStCurr1 reference picture subset,in a manner similar to the manner in which video decoder 30 relistedreference pictures from the RefPicSetStCurr0 reference picture subset.If after re-adding all reference pictures in the RefPicSetStCurr1reference picture subset, the number of entries in the initial List 0 isless than num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1, video decoder 30 may then re-addreference pictures from the RefPicSetLtCurr reference picture subset, ina manner similar to the manner in which video decoder 30 relistedreference pictures from the RefPicSetStCurr0 and RefPicSetStCurr1reference picture subsets. Video decoder 30 repeatedly add referencepictures from the reference picture subsets until the number of entriesin the initial List 0 is equal to the maximum number of allowableentries for List 0 (i.e., equal to num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1).

For instance, assume that there is one reference picture inRefPicSetStCurr0, one reference picture in RefPicSetCurr1, and onereference picture in RefPicSetLtCurr. Also, assume thatnum_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 equals five. In this example, video decoder30 may identify the reference picture in RefPicSetStCurr0 in two entriesin initial List 0. For example, video decoder 30 may identify thereference picture in RefPicSetStCurr0 in the first entry of initial List0, and re-identify the reference picture in RefPicSetStCurr0 in thefourth entry of initial List 0. In this example, the index value for thereference picture in RefPicSetStCurr0 may index[0] for the first entryin the initial list 0, and index[3] for the fourth entry in initial list0. Accordingly, in some examples, one reference picture from one of thereference picture subsets may be listed (e.g., identified) more thanonce in the initial reference picture lists.

Video decoder 30 may similarly construct initial List 1 such that thereare no non-completed entries in initial List 1. For example, videodecoder 30 may repeatedly add reference pictures from theRefPicSetStCurr1, RefPicSetStCurr0, and RefPicSetLtCurr referencepicture subsets, in that order, until the number of entries in theinitial List 1 equals the maximum number of allowable entries in List 1(i.e., equals num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1).

In this manner, because the “for” loops are nested within the “while”loop, in the above pseudo code for constructing the initial List 0 andthe initial List 1, video decoder 30 may construct initial List 0 andinitial List 1 such that there are no non-completed entries in theinitial List 0 and the initial List 1 (i.e., no non-completed entriesafter the initialization process). In some examples, each of the entriesin the initial List 0 and the initial List 1 may identify a referencepicture from one of the reference picture subsets. In some examples, itmay be possible one or more reference pictures from one of the referencepicture subsets is identified more than once in the final referencepictures lists, but at different entries with different index values.

Although the preceding examples described the techniques for referencepicture list construction with no non-completed entries as beingperformed by video decoder 30, aspects of this disclosure are not solimited, and video encoder 20 may implement similar techniques forconstructing the reference picture lists with no non-completed entries.However, it may not be necessary for video encoder 20 to construct thereference picture lists in the same manner in which video decoder 30constructs the reference picture lists.

Accordingly, a video coder (e.g., video encoder 20 or video decoder 30)may be configured to code (e.g., encode or decode) informationindicative of reference pictures that belong to a reference picture set.As described above, the reference picture set identifies referencepictures that can potentially be used for inter-predicting a currentpicture and can potentially be used for inter-predicting one or morepictures following the current picture in decoding order.

The video coder may construct a plurality of reference picture subsetsthat each identifies zero or more of the reference pictures (e.g., theRefPicSetStCurr0, RefPicSetStCurr1, and the RefPicSetLtCurr referencepicture subsets). The video coder may list (e.g., identify or add)reference pictures from the plurality of reference picture subsets intoa first set of entries in a reference picture list. The video coder maydetermine whether a number of entries in the reference picture list isequal to a maximum number of allowable entries in the reference picturelist.

When the number of entries in the reference picture list is not equal tothe maximum number of allowable entries in the reference picture list,the video coder may repeatedly re-add (e.g., re-identify) one or morereference pictures from at least one of the reference pictures intoentries in the reference picture list that are subsequent to the firstset of entries until the number of entries in the reference picture listis equal to the maximum number of allowable entries in the referencepicture list. The video coder may then code the current picture based onthe constructed reference picture list.

As described above, in some examples, video encoder 20 may signal syntaxelements that instruct video decoder 30 to modify an initial referencepicture list or lists. For example, video decoder 30 may construct theinitial reference picture list or lists in the manner described above.Then, in some instances, video decoder 30 may decode syntax elementsfrom the coded bitstream that instruct video decoder 30 to modify theinitial reference picture list or lists to construct the final referencepicture list or lists. In general, in modification, video decoder 30 maymap one or more of the pictures identified in one or more of theplurality of reference picture subsets in an entry of one of thereference picture lists after the initialization of the referencepicture list.

For example, after video decoder 30 constructs the initial referencepicture list or lists in the manner described above, video decoder 30may modify at least one of the entries in one of the initial referencepicture lists in the manner instructed by the coded bitstream. Forinstance, video encoder 20 may indicate as part of the modificationsyntax elements which picture from one of the plurality of referencepicture subsets should be identified in an entry of the referencepicture list, even though that entry of the reference picture list mayalready identify a reference picture as part of the initializationprocess. In some examples, the reference picture list modificationtechniques described in this disclosure may allow for modification in aflexible matter. For instance, it may be possible for video decoder 30to identify in one or both of the reference picture lists a referencepicture that is not in the initial reference picture lists.

As used in this disclosure, the phrase “modified reference picture list”refers to the reference picture list after the modification of theinitial reference picture list. The modified reference picture list maybe the final reference picture list. The number of entries in themodified reference picture list is num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1+1 forList 0, and num_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1+1 for List 1. A referencepicture may appear at more than one index (e.g., entry) in the modifiedreference lists for List 0 and List 1.

For reference picture list modification, video encoder 20 may signal thesyntax elements of Table 6.

TABLE 6 Reference Picture List Modification Syntax Descriptorref_pic_list_modification( ) {  if( slice type != 2 ) {  ref_pic_list_modification_flag_l0 u(1)   if(ref_pic_list_modification_flag_l0 )    do {    modification_of_ref_pic_idc ue(v)     if(modification_of_ref_pic_idc!= 3 )      ref_pic_set_idx    } while(modification_of_ref_pic_idc != 3 )  }  if( slice type = = 1) {  ref_pic_list_modification_flag_l1 u(1)   if(ref_pic_list_modification_flag_l1 )    do {    modification_of_ref_pic_idc ue(v)     if(modification_of_ref_pic_idc != 3 )      ref_pic_set_idx    } while(modification_of_ref_pic_idc != 3 )  } }

The syntax elements modification_of_ref_pic_idc,short_term_ref_pic_set_idx and long_term_ref_pic_set_idx may specify thechange from the initial reference picture lists to the reference picturelists to be used for decoding the slice.

ref_pic_list_modification_flag_l0 equal to 1 may specify that the syntaxelement modification_of_ref_pic_idc is present for specifying referencepicture list 0. ref_pic_list_modification_flag_l0 equal to 0 specifiesthat this syntax element is not present.

When ref_pic_list_modification_flag_l0 is equal to 1, the number oftimes that modification_of_ref_pic_idc is not equal to 3 followingref_pic_list_modification_flag_l0 may not exceednum_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1+1.

ref_pic_list_modification_flag_l1 equal to 1 may specify that the syntaxmodification_of_ref_pic_idc is present for specifying reference picturelist 1. ref_pic_list_modification_flag_l1 equal to 0 may specify thatthis syntax element is not present.

When ref_pic_list_modification_flag_l1 is equal to 1, the number oftimes that modification_of_ref_pic_idc is not equal to 3 followingref_pic_list_modification_flag_l1 may not exceednum_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1+1.

modification_of_ref_pic_idc together with short_term_ref_pic_set_idx orlong_term_ref_pic_set_idx may specify which of the reference picturesare re-mapped. The values of modification_of_ref_pic_idc are specifiedin Table 7. The value of the first modification_of_ref_pic_idc thatfollows immediately after ref_pic_list_modification_flag_l0 orref_pic_list_modification_flag_l1 may not be equal to 3.

ref_pic_set_idx specifies the index, to RefPicSetStCurr0,RefPicSetStCurr1 or RefPicSetLtCurr, of the reference picture beingmoved to the current index in the reference picture list. The value ofref_pic_set_idx may be in the range of 0 to max_num_ref_frames,inclusive.

TABLE 7 modification_of_ref_pic_idc operations for modification ofreference picture lists modification_of_ref_pic_idc modificationspecified 0 For list 0: ref_pic_set_idx is present and corresponds to anindex to RefPicSetStCurr0; For list 1: ref_pic_set_idx is present andcorresponds to an index to RefPicSetStCurr1 1 For list 0:ref_pic_set_idx is present and corresponds to an index toRefPicSetStCurr1; For list 1: ref_pic_set_idx is present and correspondsto an index to RefPicSetLtCurr0 2 ref_pic_set_idx is present andcorresponds to an index to RefPicSetLtCurr 3 ref_pic_idx is not presentand loop ends for modification of the initial reference picture list

For reference picture list modification, whenref_pic_list_modification_flag_l0 is equal to 1, video decoder 30 maymodify initial reference picture list 0 (i.e., initial List 0), and whenref_pic_list_modification_flag_l1 is equal to 1, video decoder 30 maymodify initial reference picture list 1 (i.e., initial List 1). Toassist with understanding the reference picture list modification,assume that the variable refIdxL0 is an index into initial List 0, andthe variable refIdxL1 is an index into initial List 1. In other words,refIdxL0 may identify the entry of initial List 0 (i.e., an index toinitial List 0 identifies an entry of initial List 0), and refIdxL1 mayidentify the entry of initial List 1. The refIdxL0 and refIdxL1variables may be set equal to 0 initially.

Video decoder 30 may process the syntax elements for themodification_of_ref_pic_idc in the process the syntax elements occur inthe bitstream. For example, if video encoder 20 signals that referencepicture list modification is needed for the initial List 0, then videodecoder 30 may process the order in which video encoder 20 signaled themodification_of_ref_pic_idc syntax elements for modifying the initialList 0. Similarly, if video encoder 20 signals that reference picturelist modification is needed for initial List 1, then video decoder 30may process the order in which video encoder 20 signal themodification_of_ref_pic_idc syntax elements for modifying initial List1.

The value of the modification_of_ref_pic_idc syntax element may be 0, 1,2, or 3, as indicated in Table 7. If the value ofmodification_of_ref_pic_idc syntax element is 3, then video decoder 30may stop the modification of the initial reference picture list.Otherwise, video decoder 30 may keep modifying the initial referencepicture list until the value of modification_of_ref_pic_idc syntaxelement is 3. For example, video encoder 20 may signal a plurality ofvalues for the modification_of_ref_pic_idc syntax element, and videodecoder 30 may process each of the values in the order in which thevalues are present in coded bitstream. When video decoder 30 processesthe value of the modification_of_ref_pic_idc syntax element to be 3,video decoder 30 may determine that no further modification is needed.

The value of modification_of_ref_pic_idc syntax element being somethingother than 3 (i.e., 0, 1, or 2) may indicate from which referencepicture subset video decoder 30 is to identify a reference picture thatis to be listed (e.g., added into) in a current entry of the referencepicture list. As described above, the current entry of the referencepicture list may be identified by the value of refIdxLX, where LX iseither List 0 or List 1. For example, if video decoder 30 is modifyinginitial List 0, and the modification_of_ref_pic_idc is 0, then accordingto Table 7, video decoder 30 may determine which reference picture fromRefPicSetStCurr0 is to be identified in a current entry of the referencepicture list based on the value of the ref_pic_set_idx. If video decoder30 is modifying initial List 1, and the modification_of_ref_pic_idc is0, then according to Table 7, video decoder 30 may determine whichreference picture from RefPicSetStCurr1 is to be identified in a currententry of the reference picture list based on the value of theref_pic_set_idx. For example, the variable curRefPicSet may define whichreference picture subset video decoder 30 should use for modifying theinitial List 0 or initial List 1.

For instance, if modification_of_ref_pic_idc is equal to 0, and videodecoder 30 is modifying the initial List 0, then curRefPicSet is equalto the RefPicSetStCurr0 reference picture subset. Ifmodification_of_ref_pic_idx is equal to 0, and video decoder 30 ismodifying the initial List 1, then curRefPicSet is equal toRefPicSetStCurr1 reference picture subset.

If video decoder 30 is modifying the initial List 0, and themodification_of_ref_pic_idc is 1, then according to Table 7, videodecoder 30 may determine which reference picture from RefPicSetStCurr1is to be identified in a current entry of the reference picture listbased on the value of the ref_pic_set_idx. If video decoder 30 ismodifying the initial List 1, and the modification_of_ref_pic_idc is 1,then according to Table 7, video decoder 30 may determine whichreference picture from RefPicSetStCurr0 is to be identified in a currententry of the reference picture list based on the value of theref_pic_set_idx.

In this case, if modification_of_ref_pic_idc is equal to 1, and videodecoder 30 is modifying the initial List 0, then curRefPicSet is equalto the RefPicSetStCurr1 reference picture subset. Ifmodification_of_ref_pic_idx is equal to 1, and video decoder 30 ismodifying the initial List 1, then curRefPicSet is equal toRefPicSetStCurr0 reference picture subset.

If video decoder 30 is modifying the initial List 0 or the initial List1, and the modification_of_ref_pic_idc is 2, then according to Table 7,video decoder 30 may determine which reference picture fromRefPicSetLtCurr is to be identified in a current entry of the referencepicture list based on the value of the ref_pic_set_idx. In this example,if modification_of_ref_pic_idc is equal to 2, and video decoder 30 ismodifying the initial List 0 or the initial List 1, then curRefPicSet isequal to the RefPicSetLtCurr reference picture subset.

As described above, the ref_pic_set_idx syntax element may indicate theindex into one of the plurality of reference picture subsets. In otherwords, the ref_pic_set_idx syntax element may indicate to video decoder30 the entry from one the plurality of reference picture subsets. Videodecoder 30 may determine the reference picture identified in the entryof one of the plurality of reference picture subsets as the referencepicture that is to be identified in a current index of initial List 0 orinitial List 1.

The variable curRefPicPoc may equalPicOrderCnt(curRefPicSet[ref_pic_set_idx]). In this way, the value ofcurRefPicPoc may be the POC value of the reference picture identified inthe ref_pic_set_idx entry of curRefPicSet. As described above,curRefPicSet may equal RefPicSetStCurr0, RefPicSetStCurr1, orRefPicSetLtCurr based on the value of the modification_of_ref_pic_idcsyntax element and based on whether video decoder 30 is modifying theinitial List 0 or the initial List 1.

Video decoder 30 may implement the following pseudo code for referencepicture list modification. For example, in the following pseudo code,video decoder 30 may identify the picture with the POC value equal tocurRefPicPoc in an entry of the initial reference picture list. TherefIdxLX variable indicates the index position for the entry in theinitial reference picture list. For example, when video decoder 30 ismodifying the initial List 0, refIdxLX may be refIdxL0, and when videodecoder 30 is modifying the initial List 1, refIdxLX may be refIdxL1.

After video decoder 30 identifies the reference picture with POC valueequal to curRefPicPOC in the initial reference picture list (i.e., theinitial List 0 or the initial List 1), video decoder 30 may shift theposition of the other remaining pictures to later in the list. Forexample, video decoder 30 may move reference pictures identified in theinitial reference picture list in entries following the current entry toa next entry to construct the modified reference picture list. As anillustrative example, assume that the current entry in the initialreference picture list is the third entry with index [2]. Video decoder30 may move the reference picture currently identified in the thirdentry with index [2] into a next entry (e.g., the fourth entry withindex [3]). Video decoder 30 may move the reference picture currentlyidentified in the fourth entry with index [3] to the fifth entry withindex [4]. In some examples, video decoder 30 may start from the lastentry in the initial reference picture list, and move the referencepicture identified in that entry to a temporary new entry. Then move thereference picture identified in the second to last entry to the lastentry, and so forth, until video decoder 30 reaches the current entry.

Video decoder 30 may then increment the value of the refIdxLX variable.In this pseudo code, the length of the RefPicListX (i.e., RefPicList0 orRefPicList1) is temporarily made one element longer than the lengthneeded for the final reference picture list. For instance, as describedabove, video decoder 30 may start from the last entry in the initialreference picture list, move that last entry to the temporary entry,move the second to last entry to the last entry, and so forth to modifythe initial reference picture list. After execution of the pseudo code,video decoder 30 may retain only the entries in index 0 throughnum_ref_idx_lX_active_minus1, where num_ref_idx_lX_active_minus1 isnum_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 for List 0, andnum_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 for List 1.

for( cIdx = num_ref_idx_IX_active_minus1 + 1; cIdx > refIdxLX; cIdx− −)RefPicListX[ cIdx ] = RefPicListX[ cIdx − 1] RefPicListX[ refIdxLX++ ] =reference picture with PicOrderCnt equal to currRefPicPoc nIdx =refIdxLX for( cIdx = refIdxLX; cIdx <= num_ref_idx_IX_active_minus1 + 1;cIdx++ ) if( PicOrderCnt( RefPicListX[ cIdx ]) != currRefPicPoc)RefPicListX[ nIdx++ ] = RefPicListX[ cIdx ]

In the above pseudo code, RefPicListX refers to either RefPicList0(i.e., the final List 0) or RefPicList1 (i.e., the final List 1) basedon whether video decoder 30 is modifying the initial List 0 or theinitial List 1. num_ref_idx_lX_active_minus1 refers to eithernum_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 or ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 based onwhether video decoder 30 is modifying initial List 0 or initial List 1.

The above techniques describe an example manner in which video decoder30 may modify an initial reference picture list. During the encodingprocess, video encoder 20 may also need to decode encoded picture forpurposes of encoding subsequent pictures. Accordingly, in some examples,video encoder 20 may also be configured to construct the initialreference picture lists, and modify the initial reference picture listsin the manner described above. However, video encoder 20 may not need tomodify the initial reference picture list or lists in every example. Insome examples, video decoder 30 may be the only coder that modifies theinitial reference picture utilizing the techniques described above.

Accordingly, in some examples, a video coder (e.g., video encoder 20 orvideo decoder 30) may construct an initial reference picture list (e.g.,initial List 0 or initial List 1) utilizing the techniques describedabove. The video coder may determine whether reference picture listmodification is needed based on the coded syntax elements in the codedbitstream. When reference picture list modification is needed, the videocoder may modify the initial reference picture list.

For example, when reference picture list modification is needed, thevideo coder may identify a reference picture in at least one of theconstructed reference picture subsets. The video coder may list (e.g.,add) the identified reference picture subset in a current entry of theinitial reference picture list to construct a modified reference picturelist. The video coder may then code (e.g., encode or decode) the currentpicture based on the modified reference picture list.

As one example, the video coder may construct the RefPicSetStCurr0,RefPicSetStCurr1, and the RefPicSetLtCurr reference picture subsets. Toidentify a reference picture in at least one of these reference picturesubsets, the video coder may determine an index into at least one ofthese reference picture subsets. The video coder may then determine thereference picture identified at an entry of at least one of thesereference picture subsets based on the determined index.

For example, the video coder may code (e.g., encode or decode) a firstsyntax element, such as the modification_of_ref_pic_idc syntax element,with which the video coder identifies one of the reference picturesubsets (e.g., one of the RefPicSetStCurr0, RefPicSetStCurr1, and theRefPicSetLtCurr reference picture subsets). The video coder may code asecond syntax element, such as the ref_pic_set_idx syntax element, thatindicates the index into the identified reference picture subset (e.g.,one of the RefPicSetStCurr0, RefPicSetStCurr1, and the RefPicSetLtCurrreference picture subsets).

In some examples, the video coder may be further configured to move thereference pictures in the initial reference picture list. For example,the video coder may move reference pictures identified in the initialreference picture list in entries following the current entry to a nextentry in the modified reference picture list.

The previous examples described the manner in which video encoder 20 andvideo decoder 30 may derive a reference picture set, as well as exampletechniques for constructing reference picture lists when no modificationis needed and when modification is needed. However, the techniquesdescribed in this disclosure are not so limited. In some examples, thetechniques described in this disclosure may be directed to decodedpicture buffer (DPB) management. The DPB may be a buffer that storesdecoded pictures.

Each of video encoder 20 and video decoder 30 may include respectiveDPBs. For example, as part of the encoding process, video encoder 20 maydecode a current picture, store the decoded picture in the DPB of videoencoder 20, and utilize the decoded picture stored in the DPB forinter-predicting a subsequent picture. Similarly, as part of thedecoding process, video decoder 30 may decode a current picture andstore the decoded picture in the DPB of video decoder 30. Video decoder30 may then utilize the decoded picture for inter-predicting asubsequent picture.

In some examples, the DPB for either video encoder 20 or video decoder30 may store decoded pictures for output reordering or output delay. Forexample, video decoder 30 may determine that the decoded pictures shouldbe reordered for outputting or that the output of a decoded pictureshould be delayed. In these examples, the DPB of video decoder 30 maystore the decoded pictures for output reordering or output delay.

The DPB management techniques described in this disclosure may bedirected to the manner in which the DPB outputs and removes decodedpictures. The output_flag syntax element may affect the decoded pictureoutput and removal process, and may be defined as part of the networkabstraction layer (NAL) unit semantics. A NAL unit may be defined as asyntax structure that includes an indication of the type of data tofollow and bytes that include that data in the form of a raw bytesequence payload (RBSP) interspersed as necessary with emulationprevention bytes. The RBSP may be a syntax structure that includes aninteger number of bytes that is encapsulated in a NAL unit. An RBSP maybe either empty or has the form of a string of data bits that includesyntax elements followed by an RBSP stop bit and followed by zero ormore subsequent bits equal to 0. Table 8 defines the NAL unit syntax.

TABLE 8 NAL unit syntax Descriptor nal_unit( NumBytesInNALunit) { forbidden_zero_bit f(1)  nal_ref_idc u(2)  nal_unit_type u(5) NumBytesInRBSP = 0  nalUnitHeaderBytes = 1  if( nal_unit_type = = 1 | |nal_unit_type = = 4 | |  nal_unit_type = = 5) {   temporal_id u(3)  output_flag u(1)   reserved_one_4bits u(4)   nalUnitHeaderBytes += 1 }  for( i = nalUnitHeaderBytes; i < NumBytesInNALunit;  i++) {   if(i + 2 < NumBytesInNALunit &&   next_bits( 24 ) = = 0x000003 ) {   rbsp_byte[ NumBytesInRBSP++ ] b(8)    rbsp_byte[ NumBytesInRBSP++ ]b(8)    i += 2    emulation_prevention_three_byte /* equal to 0x03 */f(8)   } else    rbsp_byte[ NumBytesInRBSP++ ] b(8)  } }

In Table 8, the output_flag may affect the decoded picture output andremoval process as described in more detail below. For any picture, ifoutput_flag is equal to 1, the picture is intended for output.Otherwise, the picture is never outputted. In the techniques describedin this disclosure, the variable OutputFlag is equal to the output_flagsyntax element.

In some examples, any coded slice NAL unit of the coded picture of thecurrent access unit may be different from any coded slice NAL unit ofthe coded picture of the previous access unit in one or more of thefollowing ways. For example, the pic_parameter_set_id values may bedifferent, the nal_ref_idc values may be different, with one of thenal_ref_idc values being equal to 0. The pic_order_cnt_lsb values may bedifferent. The IdrPicFlag values may be different. The IdrPicFlag may beequal to 1 for both, and the idr_pic_id values may be different.

In the techniques described in this disclosure, the access unit may bedefined as a set of NAL units that are consecutive in decoding order andcontain one coded picture. In addition to the coded picture oneauxiliary coded picture, or other NAL units may not contain slices of acoded picture. In some examples, the decoding of an access unit mayresult in a decoded picture. The coded picture may be the codedrepresentation of a picture to be used by the decoding process.

As indicated in Table 4, the slice header syntax may include thepic_parameter_set_id syntax element, the pic_order_cnt_lsb syntaxelement, the IdrPicFlag syntax element, and the idr_pic_id syntaxelement. As indicated in Table 8, the NAL unit syntax may include thenal_ref_idc syntax element.

For purposes of illustration, the DPB management techniques aredescribed from the perspective of a hypothetical reference decoder(HRD). The HRD may be defined as a hypothetical decoder model thatspecifies constraints on the variability of conforming NAL unit streamsor conforming byte streams that an encoding process may produce.However, in accordance with the techniques described in this disclosure,video decoder 30 may implement the DPB management techniques, and insome examples, it may be possible for video encoder 20 to also implementthe DPB management techniques.

The HDR model may define a coded picture buffer (CPB), an instantaneousdecoding process, and a decoded picture buffer (DPB). The CPB may besimilar to the CPB of HDR models defined in other previous standards(i.e., the CPB may store coded pictures). The techniques described inthis disclosure are directed to the DPB operations which are differentthan operations in other standards. Again, it should be understood thatvideo decoder 30 and possibly video encoder 20 may implement the DPBoperations as described below.

In general, in the techniques described in this disclosure are relatedto outputting and removal of decoded pictures in the DPB. Outputting ofa decoded picture, in this context, means outputting of the decodingpicture for display, storage or other purposes. However, a decodedpicture that is outputted need not necessarily be removed from the DPB.For example, video decoder 30 may not remove a decoded picture that isoutputted from the DPB because video decoder 30 may need to utilize thatdecoded picture as a reference picture for inter-predicting a subsequentpicture. Removal of a decoded picture, in this context, means theremoval of the decoded picture from the DPB.

For instance, video decoder 30 may store decoded pictures in the DPB ofvideo decoder 30 in the order in which the picture are decoded. However,the decoding order of the pictures may not be the same as the outputorder of the pictures. For example, there may be pictures subsequent toa current picture in decoding order that are to be outputted earlierthan the current picture. Accordingly, in some examples, video decoder30 may perform reordering by which video decoder 30 reorders pictures inthe DPB that are ordered in decoding order into output order. Videodecoder 30 may then output the decoded pictures in their output order.Video decoder 30 may also remove pictures from the decoded picture ifthe picture is not needed for output (i.e., it has been outputted or isnot intended for output) and is not needed for inter-prediction (i.e.,not needed to be used as a reference picture for inter-prediction).

In the techniques described in this disclosure, video decoder 30 mayremove a decoded picture from the DPB if the decoded picture has beenoutputted or is not intended for output, and if the decoded picture isnot identified in the derived reference picture set, which is equivalentto being no longer needed for inter-prediction reference (i.e., nolonger needed to be used as a reference picture for inter-prediction).Again, as described above, the reference picture set may identifyreference pictures that can potentially be used to inter-predict thecurrent picture, and that can potentially be used to inter-predict oneor more pictures following the current picture in decoding order. Inaccordance with the techniques described in this disclosure, if adecoded picture is not identified in the derived reference picture set,then that decoded picture may not be needed as a reference picture forinter-predicting (e.g., decoding) the current picture and one or morepictures following the current picture in decoding order. Therefore,such a decoded picture can be removed from the DPB if the decodedpicture is not needed for output because there may be no need to keepsuch a decoded picture in the DPB given that the decoded picture willnot be used for inter-prediction.

Furthermore, in the techniques described in this disclosure, videodecoder 30 may remove a decoded picture prior to the decoding of acurrent picture. For example, as described above, video decoder 30 mayderive a reference picture set, and construct reference picture list(s)prior to the decoding of the current picture. Because video decoder 30may derive the reference picture set prior to decoding the currentpicture, video decoder 30 may be configured to determine whether adecoded picture that is not needed for output should be removed prior todecoding the current picture. For example, after deriving the referencepicture set and prior to decoding the current picture, video decoder 30may determine whether an outputted decoded picture or a decoded picturenot intended for output is not identified in the reference picture set.Then, prior to decoding the current picture, video decoder 30 may removethe decoded picture not needed for output (i.e., outputted already ornot intended for output) if the decoded picture is not identified in thereference picture set.

In some examples, video decoder 30 may remove a decoded picture prior todecoding the current picture. However, video decoder 30 may remove thedecoded picture after constructing the reference picture list(s). Forinstance, video decoder 30 may derive the reference picture set, and mayconstruct the reference picture lists based on the reference pictureset. Then, prior to decoding the current picture, video decoder 30 mayremove the decoded picture. In some examples, video decoder 30 may alsooutput the decoded picture after constructing the reference picturelist(s).

This disclosure describes the removal techniques of decoded pictures inthe DPB from at least two perspectives. In the first perspective, videodecoder 30 may remove decoded pictures based on an output time if thepictures are intended for output. In the second perspective, videodecoder 30 may remove decode pictures based on the POC values if thepictures are intended for output. In either perspectives, video decoder30 may remove decoded pictures that are not needed for output (i.e.,outputted already or not intended for output) when the decoded pictureis not in the reference picture set, and prior to decoding the currentpicture.

The DPB may include a plurality of buffers, and each buffer may store adecoded picture that is to be used as a reference picture or is held forfuture output. Initially, the DPB is empty (i.e., the DPB fullness isset to zero). In the described example techniques, the removal of thedecoded pictures from the DPB may occur before the decoding of thecurrent picture, but after video decoder 30 parses the slice header ofthe first slice of the current picture.

In the first perspective, the following techniques may occurinstantaneously at time t_(r)(n) in the following sequence. In thisexample, t_(r)(n) is CPB removal time (i.e., decoding time) of theaccess unit n containing the current picture. As described in thisdisclosure, the techniques occurring instantaneously may means that thein the HDR model, it is assumed that decoding of a picture isinstantaneous (i.e., unlimited fast) with a time period for decoding apicture equal to zero.

If the current picture is an IDR picture, and when the IDR picture isnot the first IDR picture and the value of value ofpic_width_in_luma_samples or pic_height_in_luma_samples ormax_dec_frame_buffering derived from the active sequence parameter setis different from the value of pic_width_in_luma_samples orpic_height_in_luma_samples or max_dec_frame_buffering derived from thesequence parameter set that was active for the preceding picture,respectively, video decoder 30 may infer that theno_output_of_prior_pics_flag syntax element is equal to 1, regardless ofthe actual value of no_output_of_prior_pics_flag. If the current pictureis an IDR picture, and when no_output_of_prior_pics_flag is equal to 1or is inferred to be equal to 1, video decoder 30 may empty all buffersof the DPB without outputting the pictures in the DPB, and may set theDPB fullness to 0.

As indicated above in Table 1, the sequence parameter set may includethe pic_width_in_luma_samples, and the pic_height_in_luma_samples syntaxelements. The sequence parameter set may also include themax_dec_frame_buffering syntax element. As indicated above in Table 4,the slice header syntax may include the no_output_of_prior_pics_flagsyntax element.

When the current picture is not an IDR picture, video decoder 30 mayremove all pictures (m) in the DPB for which the following conditionsare true. The first condition may be that the picture is not included inthe reference picture set of the current picture. The second conditionmay be that the picture has an OutputFlag equal to 0 or its DPB outputtime is less than or equal to the CPB removal time of the currentpicture. In this example, the CPB removal time is t_(r)(n), which theinstance at which the removal process occurs (e.g., a time prior to thedecoding of the current picture). The DPB output time of a decodedpicture m may be defined by the variable t_(o,dpb)(m). Therefore, theDPB output time being less than or equal to the CPB removal time may berepresented as t_(o,dpb)(m)≤t_(r)(n). The derivation of the DPB outputtime (t_(o,dpb)) is defined in more detail below.

In this manner, video decoder 30 may remove decoded pictures from theDPB, prior to decoding a picture, based on the output time of thedecoded picture and when the decoded picture is not identified in thereference picture set. When video decoder 30 removes a decoded picturefrom the DPB, video decoder 30 may decrement the DPB fullness by one.

The following describes the manner in which video decoder 30 maydetermine a time when to output the decoded picture (e.g., the DPBoutput time of a decoded picture), and also describes when video decoder30 may store the decoded picture in the DPB. As described above, the DPBoutput time of the picture may be factor in determining whether or notthat picture is removed from the DPB.

When video decoder 30 decodes a picture, video decoder 30 stores thepicture in the DPB, and increments the DPB fullness by one. When thepicture has an OutputFlag equal to 1, video decoder 30 may derive theDPB output time for the picture based on the following equation.

t _(o,dpb)(n)=t _(r)(n)+t _(c) *dpb_output_delay(n)

In the equation, dpb_output_delay(n) may be specified in the picturetiming SEI message associated with the access unit that includes thepicture. The SEI message may be defined in some standards such as theH.264/AVC standard.

The t_(o,dpb)(n) value may define when a picture is to be outputted. Forexample, if OutputFlag is equal to 1 and t_(o,dpb)(n) equals t_(r)(n),video decoder 30 may output the picture. Otherwise, if OutputFlag isequal to 0, video decoder 30 may not output the picture. In instanceswhere OutputFlag equals 1 and t_(o,dpb)(n) is greater than t_(r)(n),video decoder 30 may output the picture at a later time (e.g., at timet_(o,dpb)(n)).

In some examples, when video decoder 30 outputs a picture, video decoder30 may crop the picture. For example, video decoder 30 may utilize thecropping rectangle specified in the active sequence parameter set forthe picture. The techniques for cropping the picture are generally wellestablished and described in standards such as the H.264/AVC standard.

In some examples, video decoder 30 may determine a difference betweenthe DPB output time for a picture and the DPB output time for a picturefollowing the picture in output order. For example, when picture (n) isa picture that video decoder 30 outputs, and is not the last picture ofthe bitstream that is output, video decoder 30 may determine the valueof Δt_(o,dpb)(n) is defined as:

Δt _(o,dpb)(n)=t _(o,dpb)(n _(n))−t _(o,dpb)(n)

In the above equation, n_(n) indicates the picture that follows afterthe picture (n) in output order and has OutputFlag equal to 1. Also, inthe above equation, Δt_(o,dpb)(n) represents the difference in the DPBoutput times between a picture and the following picture in outputorder.

In the second perspective for removing decoded pictures, the HDR mayimplement the techniques instantaneously when an access unit is removedfrom the CPB. Again, video decoder 30 may implement the removing ofdecoded pictures from the DPB, and video decoder 30 may not necessarilyinclude the CPB. In general, in this disclosure, the removal of decodedpictures is performed by video decoder 30, and may also be performed byvideo encoder 20. In these examples, video decoder 30 and video encoder20 may not require the CPB. Rather, the CPB is described as part of theHDR model for purposes of illustration only.

As above, in the second perspective for removing decoded pictures, videodecoder 30 may remove the pictures from the DPB before the decoding ofthe current picture, but after parsing the slice header of the firstslice of the current picture. Also, similar to the first perspective forremoving decoded pictures, in the second perspective, video decoder 30may perform similar functions to those described above with respect tothe first perspective when the current picture is an IDR picture.

Otherwise, if the current picture is not an IDR picture, video decoder30 may empty, without output, buffers of the DPB that store a picturethat is marked as “not needed for output” and that store pictures notincluded in the reference picture set of the current picture. Videodecoder 30 may also decrement the DPB fullness by the number of buffersthat video decoder 30 emptied. When there is not empty buffer (i.e., theDPB fullness is equal to the DBP size), video decoder 30 may implement a“bumping” process described below. In some examples, when there is noempty buffer, video decoder 30 may implement the bumping processrepeatedly unit there is an empty buffer in which video decoder 30 canstore the current decoded picture.

When the current picture is an IDR picture for which theno_output_of_prior_pics_flag is not equal to 1, and is not inferred toequal to 1, video decoder 30 may perform the following. Video decoder 30may empty, without output, buffers of the DPB that store a picture thatis marked as “not needed for output” and that is not included in thereference picture set of the current picture. Video decoder 30 may emptyall non-empty buffers in the DPB by repeatedly invoking the “bumping”process, and may set the DPB fullness to 0.

In other words, when the current picture is an IDR picture, videodecoder 30 may implement techniques to empty all buffers in the DPB.When the current picture is not an IDR picture, video decoder 30 mayimplement techniques to remove decoded pictures to free buffers forstoring the current decoded picture.

For example, after video decoder 30 decodes the current picture, videodecoder 30 may store the current picture in the DPB, and increment theDPB fullness by one. In some examples, if the OutputFlag of the currentpicture is equal to 1, video decoder 30 may mark the current picture as“needed for output.” Otherwise, if the OutputFlag of the current pictureis equal to 0, video decoder 30 may mark the current picture as “notneeded for output.”

As described above, in some examples, video decoder 30 may implement abumping process. In general, the bumping process involves outputtingdecoded pictures. For instance, video decoder 30 may implement thebumping process for when the current picture is an IDR picture and theno_output_of_prior_pics_flag is not equal to 1, and is not inferred tobe equal to 1. Video decoder 30 may also implement the bumping processif there is no empty buffer in the DPB (i.e., the DPB fullness is equalto the size of the DPB), and an empty buffer is needed for storage of adecoded (non-IDR) picture.

In general, video decoder 30 may implement the following steps toimplement the bumping process. Video decoder 30 may first determine thepicture to be outputted. For example, video decoder 30 may select thepicture having the smaller PicOrderCnt (POC) value of all the picturesin the DPB that are marked as “needed for output.” Video decoder 30 maycrop the selected picture using the cropping rectangle specified in theactive sequence parameter set for the picture. Video decoder 30 mayoutput the cropped picture, and may mark the picture as “not needed foroutput.” Video decoder 30 may check the buffer of the DPB that storedthe cropped and outputted picture. If the picture is not included in thereference picture set, video decoder 30 may empty that buffer and maydecrement the DPB fullness by one.

Although the above techniques for the DPB management are described fromthe context of video decoder 30, in some examples, video encoder 20 mayimplement similar techniques. However, video encoder 20 implementingsimilar techniques is not required in every example. In some examples,video decoder 30 may implement these techniques, and video encoder 20may not implement these techniques.

In this manner, a video coder (e.g., video encoder 20 or video decoder30) may code information indicative of reference pictures that belong toa reference picture set. Again, the reference picture set may identifythe reference pictures that can potentially be used for inter-predictingthe current picture and can potentially be used for inter-predicting oneor more picture following the current picture in decoding order.

The video coder may derive the reference picture set in any manner,including the example techniques described above. The video coder maydetermine whether a decoded picture stored in the decoded picture bufferis not needed for output and is not identified in the reference pictureset. When the decoded picture has been outputted and is not identifiedin the reference picture set, the video coder may remove the decodedpicture from the decoded picture buffer. Subsequent to removing thedecoded picture, the video coder may code the current picture. Forexample, the video coder may construct the reference picture list(s) asdescribed above, and code the current picture based on the referencepicture list(s).

The previous examples described techniques that video encoder 20 andvideo decoder 30 may employ for deriving the reference picture set,constructing reference picture lists from the reference picture listswhen modification is not needed and when modification is needed, as wellas techniques for decoded picture buffer (DPB) management. However,aspects of this disclosure are not so limited. In some examples, thetechniques described in this disclosure may be related to the mannerwhich video encoder 20 signals which pictures belong in the referencepicture set and are long-term reference pictures (or in other words,which picture belong to the long-term reference picture set), and themanner in which video decoder 30 determines which picture belong to thelong-term reference picture set.

For example, Table 2 includes the num_long_term_ref_pics_pps, and thelong_term_ref_pic_id_pps[i] syntax elements as being part of the pictureparameter set. However, aspects of this disclosure are not so limited.In some other examples, the sequence parameter set (e.g., Table 1) mayinclude the num_long_term_ref_pics_pps and thelong_term_ref_pic_id_pps[i] syntax elements. In examples where thesequence parameter set includes these syntax elements, this disclosuremay refer to the syntax elements as num_long_term_ref_pics_sps andlong_term_ref_pic_id_sps[i] to avoid confusion. For purposes ofillustration, the techniques are described with examples where thesequence parameter set includes these syntax elements.

Similar to the definition of the num_long_term_ref_pics_pps, thenum_long_term_ref_pics_sps syntax element may specify the number ofcandidate long-term reference pictures that are included in the sequenceparameter set. The value of num_long_term_ref_pics_sps may be in rangeof 0 to 32, inclusive. Similar to the definition of thelong_term_ref_pic_id_pps[i] syntax element, thelong_term_ref_pic_id_sps[i] syntax element may specify the i-th longterm reference picture identification information included in thesequence parameter set.

In some examples, the long_term_ref_pic_id_sps[i] syntax element mayindicate candidate long-term reference pictures that belong to areference picture set of a current picture. The candidate long-termreference pictures are one or more of the candidate long-term referencepictures that may be long-term reference pictures that video decoder 30may utilize to inter-predict the current picture or one or more picturefollowing the current picture in decoding order. In other words, thecandidate long-term reference pictures may indicate pictures that arelong-term reference pictures and that can possibly be used tointer-predict the current picture and used to inter-predict one or morepictures following the current picture in decoding order. In someexamples, the long_term_ref_pic_id_sps[i] syntax element may include thePOC values for the candidate long-term reference pictures.

However, not all candidate long-term reference pictures are necessarilyused for inter-prediction. For example, not all candidate long-termreference pictures belong in the reference picture set of a currentpicture. Rather, zero or more of the candidate long-term referencepictures belong in the reference picture set.

In the techniques described in this disclosure, video encoder 20 maysignal the long_term_ref_pic_id syntax element in a parameter set (e.g.,the long_term_ref_pic_id_sps syntax element in the sequence parameterset, or the long_term_ref_pic_id_pps syntax element in the pictureparameter set). Video decoder 30 may receive the long_term_ref_pic_idsyntax element and identify the candidate long-term reference pictures.In accordance with the techniques described in this disclosure, videodecoder 30 may further determine which ones of the candidate long-termreference pictures belong to the reference picture set. For example,video decoder 30 may be configured to perform this determination basedon additional syntax elements signaled by video encoder 20 in the codedbitstream.

As indicated in Table 4, video encoder 20 may signal thelong_term_ref_pic_set( ) syntax structure in the slice header of thecurrent picture. Table 5 describes the long_term_ref_pic_set( ) syntaxstructure. For instance, the long_term_ref_pic_set( ) syntax structuremay include the num_long_term_pps_curr and the num_long_term_pps_follsyntax elements. Again, it should be noted that although thenum_long_term_pps_curr and the num_long_term_pps_foll syntax elementsare defined as the number of long-term reference pictures included inthe picture parameter set, in examples where the candidate long-termreference pictures are included in the sequence parameter set, thesesyntax elements may define the number of candidate long-term referencepictures included in the sequence parameter set. For example, to avoidconfusion, the num_long_term_pps_curr syntax element may be referred toas the num_long_term_sps_curr syntax element, and thenum_long_term_pps_foll syntax element may be referred to as thenum_long_term_sps_curr syntax element.

Similar to the num_long_term_pps_curr syntax element, thenum_long_term_sps_curr syntax element may define the number of alllong-term reference pictures whose identification information isincluded in the referred sequence parameter set, as the candidatelong-term reference pictures, and that may be used for inter-predictionof the current picture and one or more pictures following the currentpicture in decoding order. Similar to the num_long_term_pps_foll syntaxelement, the num_long_term_sps_foll syntax element may define the numberof all long-term reference pictures whose identification information isincluded in the sequence parameter set, as the candidate long-termreference pictures, that are not used for inter-prediction of thecurrent picture, and that may be used for inter-prediction of one ormore pictures following the current picture in decoding order.

Also, the long_term_ref_pic_set( ) syntax structure signaled in theslice header may include the long_term_ref_pic_set_idx_pps[i] syntaxelement. Again, in examples where the candidate long-term referencepictures are signaled in the sequence parameter set, thelong_term_ref_pic_set_idx_pps[i] syntax element may be considered as thelong_term_ref_pic_set_idx_sps[i] syntax element. Similar to thelong_term_ref_pic_set_idx_pps[i] syntax element, thelong_term_ref_pic_set_idx_sps[i] syntax element may define the index,into the list of the candidate long-term reference pictureidentification information included in the referred sequence parameterset, of the i-th long-term reference picture inherited form thereference picture parameter set to the reference picture set of thecurrent picture. In other words, the long_term_ref_pic_set_idx_sps[i]syntax element may identify an index into the list of the candidatelong-term reference pictures in the sequence parameter set. From theindex, video decoder 30 may identify a long-term reference picture inthe candidate long-term reference pictures, and may determine that theidentified long-term reference picture belongs to the reference pictureset of the current picture.

For example, video decoder 30 may implement the following pseudo code,similar to that in Table 5, to determine which ones of the candidatelong-term reference pictures belong in the reference picture set of thecurrent picture.

-   for (i=0; i<num_long_term_sps_curr+num_long_term_sps_foll; i++)    long_term_ref_pic_set_idx_sps[i]

In this manner, video decoder 30 may decode syntax elements indicatingcandidate long-term reference pictures that are identified in aparameter set. For instance, if the parameter set is the sequenceparameter set, video decoder 30 may decode thelong_term_ref_pic_id_sps[i] syntax elements that indicate candidatelong-term reference pictures that are identified in the sequenceparameter set. If the parameter set is the picture parameter set, videodecoder 30 may decode the long_term_ref_pic_id_pps[i] syntax elementsthat indicate candidate long-term reference pictures that are identifiedin the picture parameter set.

Video decoder 30 may also decode syntax elements that indicate whichcandidate long-term reference pictures, identified in the parameter set,belong in the reference picture set of the current picture. For example,if the parameter set is sequence parameter set, video decoder 30 maydecode the num_long_term_sps_curr, the num_long_term_sps_foll, and thelong_term_ref_pic_set_idx_sps[i] syntax elements, and if the parameterset is the picture parameter set, video decoder 30 may decode thenum_long_term_pps_curr, the num_long_term_pps_foll, and thelong_term_ref_pic_set_idx_pps[i] syntax elements. In either example,video decoder 30 may decode these syntax elements from the slice headerof the current picture.

In accordance with the techniques described in this disclosure, thelong_term_ref_pic_id_sps[i] and the long_term_ref_pic_id_pps[i] syntaxelements may be considered as a list of picture order count (POC) valuesfor the candidate long-term reference pictures that belong in thereference picture set, and may be coded (i.e., encoded or decoded) aspart of a parameter set (e.g., the picture parameter set and thesequence parameter set). The long_term_ref_pic_set_idx_sps[i] or thelong_term_ref_pic_set_idx_pps[i] syntax element may be considered asproviding an index value into the list of the POC values for thecandidate long-term reference pictures (e.g., an index intolong_term_ref_pic_id_sps[i] or long_term_ref_pic_id_pps[i]). In someexamples, the long_term_ref_pic_set_idx_sps[i] or thelong_term_ref_pic_set_idx_pps[i] syntax element may be coded as part ofthe slice header of the current picture.

The above describes one way in which video encoder 20 and video decoder30 may encode or decode, respectively, syntax elements for indicatingwhich pictures belong to the long-term reference picture set of thecurrent picture. From the syntax elements, video decoder 30 and videoencoder 20 may determine which pictures belong to the long-termreference picture set of the current picture. After video decoder 30 andvideo encoder 20 determine which pictures belong to the long-termreference picture set, video encoder 20 and video decoder 30 mayconstruct at least one reference picture subset of the plurality ofreference picture subsets, and derive the reference picture set in themanner described above. For example, based on the determination as towhich pictures belong to the long-term reference picture set, videoencoder 20 and video decoder 30 may construct the RefPicSetLtCurrreference picture subset which video encoder 20 and video decoder 30utilize to derive the reference picture set.

In some examples, there may be pictures that belong to the long-termreference picture set that are not included in the candidate long-termreference pictures. Accordingly, there may be additional ways in whichvideo encoder 20 and video decoder 30 may determine which picturesbelong to the long-term reference picture set of the current picture.

For example, as indicated in Table 5, the long_term_ref_pic_set( )syntax structure of the slice header includes thelong_term_ref_pic_id_delta_add[i] syntax element. This syntax elementmay specify long-term reference picture identification, such as POCvalues, of the i-th long-term reference picture that is not inheritedfrom the reference picture parameter set, but is included in thereference picture set of the current picture. Again, in examples wherecandidate long-term reference pictures are identified in the sequenceparameter set, the long_term_ref_pic_id_delta_add[i] syntax element mayspecify the long-term reference picture identification of the i-thlong-term reference picture that is not inherited from the sequenceparameter set, but is included in the reference picture set of thecurrent picture.

In other words, the long_term_ref_pic_id_pps[i] or thelong_term_ref_pic_id_sps[i] syntax element may identify candidatelong-term reference pictures, but may not necessarily identify all ofthe long-term reference pictures in the reference picture set of thecurrent picture. For example, there may be long-term reference picturesthat are to be used for inter-predicting the current picture and one ormore pictures following the current picture in decoding order that arenot included in the listing of the candidate long-term referencepictures. For such long-term reference pictures, video encoder 20 andvideo decoder 30 may encode or decode, respectively, identificationinformation that identifies long-term reference pictures that belong tothe reference picture set of the current picture.

For instance, as indicated in Table 5, video encoder 20 and videodecoder 30 may encode or decode, respectively, thenum_long_term_add_curr and the num_long_term_add_foll syntax elements.The num_long_term_add_curr syntax element may define the number of alllong-term reference pictures whose identification information is notincluded in the referred picture parameter set or sequence parameter set(as applicable) and that may be used for inter-prediction of the currentpicture and one or more pictures following the current picture indecoding order. The num_long_term_add_foll syntax element may define thenumber of all long-term reference pictures whose identificationinformation is not included in the referred picture parameter set orsequence parameter set (as applicable), that may not be used forinter-prediction of the current picture, and that may be used forinter-prediction of one or more pictures following the current picturein decoding order.

Video decoder 30 may implement the following pseudo code to determinewhich long-term reference pictures belong in the reference picture set.In this example, the long-term reference pictures may not be included inthe candidate long-term reference pictures.

-   for (i=0; i<num_long_term_add_curr+num_long_term_add_foll; i++)    long_term_ref_pic_id_delta_add[i]

As described above, the techniques described in this disclosure may beperformed in accordance with the HEVC standard. The following is a briefdescription of the HEVC standard to assist with understanding.Furthermore, although the techniques are described in context of theHEVC standard, the techniques may be extendable to other standards,including proprietary standards.

The JCT-VC is working on development of the HEVC standard. The HEVCstandardization efforts are based on an evolving model of a video codingdevice referred to as the HEVC Test Model (HM). The HM presumes severaladditional capabilities of video coding devices relative to existingdevices according to, e.g., ITU-T H.264/AVC. For example, whereas H.264provides nine intra-prediction encoding modes, the HM may provide asmany as thirty-three intra-prediction encoding modes.

In general, the working model of the HM describes that a video frame orpicture may be divided into a sequence of treeblocks or largest codingunits (LCU) that include both luma and chroma samples. A treeblock has asimilar purpose as a macroblock of the H.264 standard. A slice includesa number of consecutive treeblocks in decoding order. A video frame orpicture may be partitioned into one or more slices. Each treeblock maybe split into coding units (CUs) according to a quadtree. For example, atreeblock, as a root node of the quadtree, may be split into four childnodes, and each child node may in turn be a parent node and be splitinto another four child nodes. A final, unsplit child node, as a leafnode of the quadtree, comprises a coding node, i.e., a coded videoblock. Syntax data associated with a coded bitstream may define amaximum number of times a treeblock may be split, and may also define aminimum size of the coding nodes. Treeblocks may be referred to as LCUsin some examples.

A CU includes a coding node and prediction units (PUs) and transformunits (TUs) associated with the coding node. A size of the CUcorresponds to a size of the coding node and must be square in shape.The size of the CU may range from 8×8 pixels up to the size of thetreeblock with a maximum of 64×64 pixels or greater. Each CU may containone or more PUs and one or more TUs. Syntax data associated with a CUmay describe, for example, partitioning of the CU into one or more PUs.Partitioning modes may differ between whether the CU is skip or directmode encoded, intra-prediction mode encoded, or inter-prediction modeencoded. PUs may be partitioned to be non-square in shape. Syntax dataassociated with a CU may also describe, for example, partitioning of theCU into one or more TUs according to a quadtree. A TU can be square ornon-square in shape.

The HEVC standard allows for transformations according to TUs, which maybe different for different CUs. The TUs are typically sized based on thesize of PUs within a given CU defined for a partitioned LCU, althoughthis may not always be the case. The TUs are typically the same size orsmaller than the PUs. In some examples, residual samples correspondingto a CU may be subdivided into smaller units using a quadtree structureknown as “residual quad tree” (RQT). The leaf nodes of the RQT may bereferred to as transform units (TUs). Pixel difference values associatedwith the TUs may be transformed to produce transform coefficients, whichmay be quantized.

In general, a PU includes data related to the prediction process. Forexample, when the PU is intra-mode encoded, the PU may include datadescribing an intra-prediction mode for the PU. As another example, whenthe PU is inter-mode encoded, the PU may include data defining a motionvector for the PU. The data defining the motion vector for a PU maydescribe, for example, a horizontal component of the motion vector, avertical component of the motion vector, a resolution for the motionvector (e.g., one-quarter pixel precision or one-eighth pixelprecision), a reference picture to which the motion vector points,and/or a reference picture list (e.g., List 0, List 1, or List C) forthe motion vector.

In general, a TU is used for the transform and quantization processes. Agiven CU having one or more PUs may also include one or more transformunits (TUs). Following prediction, video encoder 20 may calculateresidual values corresponding to the PU. The residual values comprisepixel difference values that may be transformed into transformcoefficients, quantized, and scanned using the TUs to produce serializedtransform coefficients for entropy coding. This disclosure typicallyuses the term “video block” to refer to a coding node of a CU. In somespecific cases, this disclosure may also use the term “video block” torefer to a treeblock, i.e., LCU, or a CU, which includes a coding nodeand PUs and TUs.

A video sequence typically includes a series of video frames orpictures. A group of pictures (GOP) generally comprises a series of oneor more of the video pictures. A GOP may include syntax data in a headerof the GOP, a header of one or more of the pictures, or elsewhere, thatdescribes a number of pictures included in the GOP. Each slice of apicture may include slice syntax data that describes an encoding modefor the respective slice. Video encoder 20 typically operates on videoblocks within individual video slices in order to encode the video data.A video block may correspond to a coding node within a CU. The videoblocks may have fixed or varying sizes, and may differ in size accordingto a specified coding standard.

As an example, the HM supports prediction in various PU sizes. Assumingthat the size of a particular CU is 2N×2N, the HM supportsintra-prediction in PU sizes of 2N×2N or N×N, and inter-prediction insymmetric PU sizes of 2N×2N, 2N×N, N×2N, or N×N. The HM also supportsasymmetric partitioning for inter-prediction in PU sizes of 2N×nU,2N×nD, nL×2N, and nR×2N. In asymmetric partitioning, one direction of aCU is not partitioned, while the other direction is partitioned into 25%and 75%. The portion of the CU corresponding to the 25% partition isindicated by an “n” followed by an indication of “Up”, “Down,” “Left,”or “Right.” Thus, for example, “2N×nU” refers to a 2N×2N CU that ispartitioned horizontally with a 2N×0.5N PU on top and a 2N×1.5N PU onbottom.

In this disclosure, “N×N” and “N by N” may be used interchangeably torefer to the pixel dimensions of a video block in terms of vertical andhorizontal dimensions, e.g., 16×16 pixels or 16 by 16 pixels. Ingeneral, a 16×16 block will have 16 pixels in a vertical direction(y=16) and 16 pixels in a horizontal direction (x=16). Likewise, an N×Nblock generally has N pixels in a vertical direction and N pixels in ahorizontal direction, where N represents a nonnegative integer value.The pixels in a block may be arranged in rows and columns. Moreover,blocks need not necessarily have the same number of pixels in thehorizontal direction as in the vertical direction. For example, blocksmay comprise N×M pixels, where M is not necessarily equal to N.

Following intra-predictive or inter-predictive coding using the PUs of aCU, video encoder 20 may calculate residual data for the TUs of the CU.The PUs may comprise pixel data in the spatial domain (also referred toas the pixel domain) and the TUs may comprise coefficients in thetransform domain following application of a transform, e.g., a discretecosine transform (DCT), an integer transform, a wavelet transform, or aconceptually similar transform to residual video data. The residual datamay correspond to pixel differences between pixels of the unencodedpicture and prediction values corresponding to the PUs. Video encoder 20may form the TUs including the residual data for the CU, and thentransform the TUs to produce transform coefficients for the CU.

Following any transforms to produce transform coefficients, videoencoder 20 may perform quantization of the transform coefficients.Quantization generally refers to a process in which transformcoefficients are quantized to possibly reduce the amount of data used torepresent the coefficients, providing further compression. Thequantization process may reduce the bit depth associated with some orall of the coefficients. For example, an n-bit value may be rounded downto an m-bit value during quantization, where n is greater than m.

In some examples, video encoder 20 may utilize a predefined scan orderto scan the quantized transform coefficients to produce a serializedvector that can be entropy encoded. In other examples, video encoder 20may perform an adaptive scan. After scanning the quantized transformcoefficients to form a one-dimensional vector, video encoder 20 mayentropy encode the one-dimensional vector, e.g., according to contextadaptive variable length coding (CAVLC), context adaptive binaryarithmetic coding (CABAC), syntax-based context-adaptive binaryarithmetic coding (SBAC), Probability Interval Partitioning Entropy(PIPE) coding or another entropy encoding methodology. Video encoder 20may also entropy encode syntax elements associated with the encodedvideo data for use by video decoder 30 in decoding the video data.

To perform CABAC, video encoder 20 may assign a context within a contextmodel to a symbol to be transmitted. The context may relate to, forexample, whether neighboring values of the symbol are non-zero or not.To perform CAVLC, video encoder 20 may select a variable length code fora symbol to be transmitted. Codewords in VLC may be constructed suchthat relatively shorter codes correspond to more probable symbols, whilelonger codes correspond to less probable symbols. In this way, the useof VLC may achieve a bit savings over, for example, using equal-lengthcodewords for each symbol to be transmitted. The probabilitydetermination may be based on a context assigned to the symbol.

FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example video sequence 33that includes a plurality of pictures that are encoded and transmitted.In some cases, video sequence 33 may be referred to as a group ofpictures (GOP). Video sequence 33, as illustrated, includes pictures35A, 36A, 38A, 35B, 36B, 38B, and 35C, and final picture 39 in displayorder. Picture 34 is a final picture in display order for a sequenceoccurring before sequence 33. FIG. 2 generally represents an exemplaryprediction structure for a video sequence and is intended only toillustrate the picture references used for predicting video blocks ofdifferent slice or picture types (e.g., P picture or slice, or B pictureor slice). An actual video sequence may contain more or fewer videopictures of different picture types and in a different display order.Video sequence 33 may include more or fewer pictures than thoseillustrated in FIG. 2, and the pictures illustrated in video sequence 33are illustrated for purposes of understanding and as examples.

For block-based video coding, each of the video pictures included insequence 33 may be partitioned into video blocks, such as coding units(CUs) or prediction units (PUs). For instance, each CU of a videopicture may include one or more PUs. Video blocks in an intra-coded (I)picture are predicted using spatial prediction with respect toneighboring blocks in the same picture. Video blocks in an inter-coded(P or B) picture may use spatial prediction with respect to neighboringblocks in the same picture or temporal prediction with respect to otherreference pictures.

Video blocks in a B picture may be predicted using bidirectionalprediction to calculate two motion vectors from two different referencepicture lists (e.g., reference picture lists 0 and 1, referred to asList 0 and List 1). In some cases, video blocks in a B picture may bepredicted using unidirectional prediction from one of the two differentreference picture lists (e.g., unidirectional B-coded). Video blocks ina P picture may be predicted using unidirectional prediction tocalculate a single motion vector from a single reference picture list.In accordance with the emerging HEVC standard, the video blocks may beencoded using either unidirectional prediction to calculate a singlemotion vector from one of two reference picture lists or bidirectionalprediction to calculate two motion vectors from the two referencepicture lists. The two reference picture lists may contain pastreference pictures or future reference pictures or both past and futurereference pictures in display or output order, and always past referencepictures in decoding order, for example.

In the example of FIG. 2, final picture 39 is designated for intra-modecoding as an I picture. In other examples, final picture 39 may be codedwith inter-mode coding (e.g., as a P picture) with reference to finalpicture 34 of the preceding sequence, which may be an I picture. Videopictures 35A-35C (collectively “video pictures 35”) are designated forcoding as B pictures using bidirectional prediction with reference to apast picture and a future picture. In the illustrated example, picture35A is encoded as a B picture with reference to final picture 34 andpicture 36A, as indicated by the arrows from pictures 34 and 36A tovideo picture 35A. Pictures 35B and 35C are similarly encoded.

Video pictures 36A-36B (collectively “video pictures 36”) may bedesignated for coding as pictures using unidirectional prediction withreference to a past picture. In the illustrated example, picture 36A isencoded as a P picture with reference to final picture 34, as indicatedby the arrow from picture 34 to video picture 36A. Picture 36B issimilarly encoded.

Video pictures 38A-38B (collectively “video pictures 38”) may bedesignated for coding using bidirectional prediction with reference tothe same past picture. In other examples, video pictures 38 may beencoded using bidirectional prediction with reference to substantiallysimilar past pictures included in the reference picture lists. In theillustrated example, picture 38A is encoded with two references topicture 36A, as indicated by the two arrows from picture 36A to videopicture 38A. Picture 38B is similarly encoded.

In accordance with the techniques described in this disclosure, videoencoder 20 may signal a reference picture set for each of the picturesin sequence 33. For example, for picture 35A, this reference picture setmay identify all reference pictures that can be used to inter-predictpicture 35A, as well as all reference pictures that can potentially beused for inter-predicting pictures following picture 35A in decodingorder. For example, the reference picture set for picture 35A mayinclude the POC value for picture 34 and picture 36A, as well as POCvalues for additional reference pictures such as those that canpotentially be used for inter-predicting pictures following picture 35Ain decoding order. The pictures following picture 35A may be thosepictures that follow picture 35A in decoding order, and that are withinvideo sequence 33, in this example.

Video decoder 30 may then derive the reference picture set for picture35A in the manner described above. For example, video decoder 30 maydetermine the POC values for the reference pictures that belong to thereference picture set, as described above. Video decoder 30 may furtherconstruct at least four or at least five reference picture subsets, andin some examples, up to the six reference picture subsets descriedabove. Video decoder 30 may arrange the six reference picture sets in aparticular order to derive the reference picture set for picture 35A.

Video decoder 30 may further construct initial reference picture listsin the manner described above, wherein no reordering of pictures to beincluded in the initial reference pictures lists is needed. Whenreference picture list modification is disabled, video decoder 30 mayset the final reference picture lists equal to the initial referencepicture lists. Also, video decoder 30 may construct the referencepicture lists in such a manner that there are no non-completed entriesin the reference picture lists. For example, video decoder 30 mayrepeatedly list reference pictures from the reference picture subsetsuntil the number of entries in the reference picture lists is equal tothe maximum number of allowable entries of the reference picture lists.In some examples, video decoder 30 may modify the initial referencepicture lists in the manner described above (e.g., based on referencepictures in at least one of the constructed reference picture subsets).Furthermore, in some examples, video decoder 30 may remove decodedpictures from the DPB of video decoder 30 utilizing the exampletechniques described in this disclosure, such as removing decodedpictures that are not identified in the reference picture set of thecurrent picture to be decoded and that are not needed for output. Also,in some examples, video decoder 30 may determine which long-termreference pictures belong in the reference picture set in the mannerdescribed above, wherein identification information of a list ofcandidate long-term reference pictures may be included in a parameterset.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example video encoder 20 thatmay implement the techniques described in this disclosure. Video encoder20 may perform intra- and inter-coding of video blocks within videoslices. Intra-coding relies on spatial prediction to reduce or removespatial redundancy in video within a given video frame or picture.Inter-coding relies on temporal prediction to reduce or remove temporalredundancy in video within adjacent frames or pictures of a videosequence. Intra-mode (I mode) may refer to any of several spatial basedcompression modes. Inter-modes, such as uni-directional prediction (Pmode) or bi-prediction (B mode), may refer to any of severaltemporal-based compression modes.

In the example of FIG. 3, video encoder 20 includes a partitioning unit35, prediction module 41, decoded picture buffer (DPB) 64, summer 50,transform module 52, quantization unit 54, and entropy encoding unit 56.Prediction module 41 includes motion estimation unit 42, motioncompensation unit 44, and intra prediction module 46. For video blockreconstruction, video encoder 20 also includes inverse quantization unit58, inverse transform module 60, and summer 62. A deblocking filter (notshown in FIG. 3) may also be included to filter block boundaries toremove blockiness artifacts from reconstructed video. If desired, thedeblocking filter would typically filter the output of summer 62.Additional loop filters (in loop or post loop) may also be used inaddition to the deblocking filter.

As shown in FIG. 3, video encoder 20 receives video data, andpartitioning unit 35 partitions the data into video blocks. Thispartitioning may also include partitioning into slices, tiles, or otherlarger units, as wells as video block partitioning, e.g., according to aquadtree structure of LCUs and CUs. Video encoder 20 generallyillustrates the components that encode video blocks within a video sliceto be encoded. The slice may be divided into multiple video blocks (andpossibly into sets of video blocks referred to as tiles). Predictionmodule 41 may select one of a plurality of possible coding modes, suchas one of a plurality of intra coding modes or one of a plurality ofinter coding modes, for the current video block based on error results(e.g., coding rate and the level of distortion). Prediction module 41may provide the resulting intra- or inter-coded block to summer 50 togenerate residual block data and to summer 62 to reconstruct the encodedblock for use as a reference picture.

Intra prediction module 46 within prediction module 41 may performintra-predictive coding of the current video block relative to one ormore neighboring blocks in the same picture or slice as the currentblock to be coded to provide spatial compression. Motion estimation unit42 and motion compensation unit 44 within prediction module 41 performinter-predictive coding of the current video block relative to one ormore predictive blocks in one or more reference pictures to providetemporal compression.

Motion estimation unit 42 may be configured to determine theinter-prediction mode for a video slice according to a predeterminedpattern for a video sequence. The predetermined pattern may designatevideo slices in the sequence as P slices or B slices. Motion estimationunit 42 and motion compensation unit 44 may be highly integrated, butare illustrated separately for conceptual purposes. Motion estimation,performed by motion estimation unit 42, is the process of generatingmotion vectors, which estimate motion for video blocks. A motion vector,for example, may indicate the displacement of a PU of a video blockwithin a current video picture relative to a predictive block within areference picture.

A predictive block is a block that is found to closely match the PU ofthe video block to be coded in terms of pixel difference, which may bedetermined by sum of absolute difference (SAD), sum of square difference(SSD), or other difference metrics. In some examples, video encoder 20may calculate values for sub-integer pixel positions of referencepictures stored in decoded picture buffer 64. For example, video encoder20 may interpolate values of one-quarter pixel positions, one-eighthpixel positions, or other fractional pixel positions of the referencepicture. Therefore, motion estimation unit 42 may perform a motionsearch relative to the full pixel positions and fractional pixelpositions and output a motion vector with fractional pixel precision.

Motion estimation unit 42 calculates a motion vector for a PU of a videoblock in an inter-coded slice by comparing the position of the PU to theposition of a predictive block of a reference picture. The referencepicture may be selected from a first reference picture list (List 0) ora second reference picture list (List 1), each of which identify one ormore reference pictures stored in decoded picture buffer 64. Motionestimation unit 42 sends the calculated motion vector to entropyencoding unit 56 and motion compensation unit 44.

Motion compensation, performed by motion compensation unit 44, mayinvolve fetching or generating the predictive block based on the motionvector determined by motion estimation, possibly performinginterpolations to sub-pixel precision. Upon receiving the motion vectorfor the PU of the current video block, motion compensation unit 44 maylocate the predictive block to which the motion vector points in one ofthe reference picture lists. Video encoder 20 forms a residual videoblock by subtracting pixel values of the predictive block from the pixelvalues of the current video block being coded, forming pixel differencevalues. The pixel difference values form residual data for the block,and may include both luma and chroma difference components. Summer 50represents the component or components that perform this subtractionoperation. Motion compensation unit 44 may also generate syntax elementsassociated with the video blocks and the video slice for use by videodecoder 30 in decoding the video blocks of the video slice.

Intra-prediction module 46 may intra-predict a current block, as analternative to the inter-prediction performed by motion estimation unit42 and motion compensation unit 44, as described above. In particular,intra-prediction module 46 may determine an intra-prediction mode to useto encode a current block. In some examples, intra-prediction module 46may encode a current block using various intra-prediction modes, e.g.,during separate encoding passes, and intra-prediction module 46 (or modeselect unit 40, in some examples) may select an appropriateintra-prediction mode to use from the tested modes. For example,intra-prediction module 46 may calculate rate-distortion values using arate-distortion analysis for the various tested intra-prediction modes,and select the intra-prediction mode having the best rate-distortioncharacteristics among the tested modes. Rate-distortion analysisgenerally determines an amount of distortion (or error) between anencoded block and an original, unencoded block that was encoded toproduce the encoded block, as well as a bit rate (that is, a number ofbits) used to produce the encoded block. Intra-prediction module 46 maycalculate ratios from the distortions and rates for the various encodedblocks to determine which intra-prediction mode exhibits the bestrate-distortion value for the block.

After selecting an intra-prediction mode for a block, intra-predictionmodule 46 may provide information indicative of the selectedintra-prediction mode for the block to entropy encoding unit 56. Entropyencoding unit 56 may encode the information indicating the selectedintra-prediction mode in accordance with the techniques of thisdisclosure. Video encoder 20 may include in the transmitted bitstreamconfiguration data, which may include a plurality of intra-predictionmode index tables and a plurality of modified intra-prediction modeindex tables (also referred to as codeword mapping tables), definitionsof encoding contexts for various blocks, and indications of a mostprobable intra-prediction mode, an intra-prediction mode index table,and a modified intra-prediction mode index table to use for each of thecontexts.

After prediction module 41 generates the predictive block for thecurrent video block via either inter-prediction or intra-prediction,video encoder 20 forms a residual video block by subtracting thepredictive block from the current video block. The residual video datain the residual block may be included in one or more TUs and applied totransform module 52. Transform module 52 transforms the residual videodata into residual transform coefficients using a transform, such as adiscrete cosine transform (DCT) or a conceptually similar transform.Transform module 52 may convert the residual video data from a pixeldomain to a transform domain, such as a frequency domain.

Transform module 52 may send the resulting transform coefficients toquantization unit 54. Quantization unit 54 quantizes the transformcoefficients to further reduce bit rate. The quantization process mayreduce the bit depth associated with some or all of the coefficients.The degree of quantization may be modified by adjusting a quantizationparameter. In some examples, quantization unit 54 may then perform ascan of the matrix including the quantized transform coefficients.Alternatively, entropy encoding unit 56 may perform the scan.

Following quantization, entropy encoding unit 56 entropy encodes thequantized transform coefficients. For example, entropy encoding unit 56may perform context adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC), contextadaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC), syntax-based context-adaptivebinary arithmetic coding (SBAC), probability interval partitioningentropy (PIPE) coding or another entropy encoding methodology ortechnique. Following the entropy encoding by entropy encoding unit 56,the encoded bitstream may be transmitted to video decoder 30, orarchived for later transmission or retrieval by video decoder 30.Entropy encoding unit 56 may also entropy encode the motion vectors andthe other syntax elements for the current video slice being coded.

Inverse quantization unit 58 and inverse transform module 60 applyinverse quantization and inverse transformation, respectively, toreconstruct the residual block in the pixel domain for later use as areference block of a reference picture. Motion compensation unit 44 maycalculate a reference block by adding the residual block to a predictiveblock of one of the reference pictures within one of the referencepicture lists. Motion compensation unit 44 may also apply one or moreinterpolation filters to the reconstructed residual block to calculatesub-integer pixel values for use in motion estimation. Summer 62 addsthe reconstructed residual block to the motion compensated predictionblock produced by motion compensation unit 44 to produce a referenceblock for storage in decoded picture buffer 64. The reference block maybe used by motion estimation unit 42 and motion compensation unit 44 asa reference block to inter-predict a block in a subsequent video frameor picture.

In accordance with this disclosure, prediction module 41 represents oneexample unit for performing the example functions described above. Forexample, prediction module 41 may determine which reference picturesbelong to a reference picture set, and cause video encoder 20 to codeinformation indicative of the reference pictures that belong to thereference picture set. Also, during the reconstruction process (e.g.,the process used to reconstruct a picture for use as a reference pictureand storage in decoded picture buffer 64), prediction module 41 mayconstruct the plurality of reference picture subsets that eachidentifies one or more of the reference pictures. Prediction module 41may also derive the reference picture set from the constructed pluralityof reference picture subsets. Also, prediction module 41 may implementany one or more of the sets of example pseudo code described above toimplement one or more example techniques described in this disclosure.

In some examples, prediction module 41 may construct the initialreference picture lists in the manner described above. In some examples,no reordering of the pictures to be included in the initial referencepicture lists is needed. Also, prediction module 41 may construct thereference picture lists in such a manner that there are no non-completedentries in the reference picture lists. In some examples, predictionmodule 41 may also modify the initial reference picture lists in themanner described above to construct the modified reference picture list.Furthermore, in some examples, prediction module 41 may implement theremoval of decoded pictures from DPB 64 in the manner described above.Moreover, in some examples, prediction module 41 may be configured todetermine which long-term reference pictures belong to the referencepicture set for the current picture in the manner described above.

In other examples, a unit other than prediction module 41 may implementthe examples described above. In some other examples, prediction module41 in conjunction with one or more other units of video encoder 20 mayimplement the examples described above. In yet some other examples, aprocessor or unit of video encoder 20 (not shown in FIG. 3) may, aloneor in conjunction with other units of video encoder 20, implement theexamples described above.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example video decoder 30 thatmay implement the techniques described in this disclosure. In theexample of FIG. 4, video decoder 30 includes an entropy decoding unit80, prediction module 81, inverse quantization unit 86, inversetransformation unit 88, summer 90, and decoded picture buffer (DPB) 92.Prediction module 81 includes motion compensation unit 82 and intraprediction module 84. Video decoder 30 may, in some examples, perform adecoding pass generally reciprocal to the encoding pass described withrespect to video encoder 20 from FIG. 3.

During the decoding process, video decoder 30 receives an encoded videobitstream that represents video blocks of an encoded video slice andassociated syntax elements from video encoder 20. Entropy decoding unit80 of video decoder 30 entropy decodes the bitstream to generatequantized coefficients, motion vectors, and other syntax elements.Entropy decoding unit 80 forwards the motion vectors and other syntaxelements to prediction module 81. Video decoder 30 may receive thesyntax elements at the video slice level and/or the video block level.

When the video slice is coded as an intra-coded (I) slice, intraprediction module 84 of prediction module 81 may generate predictiondata for a video block of the current video slice based on a signaledintra prediction mode and data from previously decoded blocks of thecurrent picture. When the video picture is coded as an inter-coded(i.e., B or P) slice, motion compensation unit 82 of prediction module81 produces predictive blocks for a video block of the current videoslice based on the motion vectors and other syntax elements receivedfrom entropy decoding unit 80. The predictive blocks may be producedfrom one of the reference pictures within one of the reference picturelists. Video decoder 30 may construct the reference frame lists, List 0and List 1, using default construction techniques based on referencepictures stored in decoded picture buffer 92. In some examples, videodecoder 30 may construct List 0 and List 1 from the reference picturesidentified in the derived reference picture set.

Motion compensation unit 82 determines prediction information for avideo block of the current video slice by parsing the motion vectors andother syntax elements, and uses the prediction information to producethe predictive blocks for the current video block being decoded. Forexample, motion compensation unit 82 uses some of the received syntaxelements to determine a prediction mode (e.g., intra- orinter-prediction) used to code the video blocks of the video slice, aninter-prediction slice type (e.g., B slice or P slice), constructioninformation for one or more of the reference picture lists for theslice, motion vectors for each inter-encoded video block of the slice,inter-prediction status for each inter-coded video block of the slice,and other information to decode the video blocks in the current videoslice.

Motion compensation unit 82 may also perform interpolation based oninterpolation filters. Motion compensation unit 82 may use interpolationfilters as used by video encoder 20 during encoding of the video blocksto calculate interpolated values for sub-integer pixels of referenceblocks. In this case, motion compensation unit 82 may determine theinterpolation filters used by video encoder 20 from the received syntaxelements and use the interpolation filters to produce predictive blocks.

Inverse quantization unit 86 inverse quantizes, i.e., de-quantizes, thequantized transform coefficients provided in the bitstream and decodedby entropy decoding unit 80. The inverse quantization process mayinclude use of a quantization parameter calculated by video encoder 20for each video block in the video slice to determine a degree ofquantization and, likewise, a degree of inverse quantization that shouldbe applied. Inverse transform module 88 applies an inverse transform,e.g., an inverse DCT, an inverse integer transform, or a conceptuallysimilar inverse transform process, to the transform coefficients inorder to produce residual blocks in the pixel domain.

After prediction module 81 generates the predictive block for thecurrent video block based on either inter- or intra-prediction, videodecoder 30 forms a decoded video block by summing the residual blocksfrom inverse transform module 88 with the corresponding predictiveblocks generated by prediction module 81. Summer 90 represents thecomponent or components that perform this summation operation. Ifdesired, a deblocking filter may also be applied to filter the decodedblocks in order to remove blockiness artifacts. Other loop filters(either in the coding loop or after the coding loop) may also be used tosmooth pixel transitions, or otherwise improve the video quality. Thedecoded video blocks in a given picture are then stored in decodedpicture buffer 92, which stores reference pictures used for subsequentmotion compensation. Decoded picture buffer 92 also stores decoded videofor later presentation on a display device, such as display device 32 ofFIG. 1.

In accordance with this disclosure, prediction module 81 represents oneexample unit for performing the example functions described above. Forexample, prediction module 81 may determine which reference picturesbelong to a reference picture set. Also, prediction module 81 mayconstruct the plurality of reference picture subsets that eachidentifies one or more of the reference pictures. Prediction module 81may also derive the reference picture set from the constructed pluralityof reference picture subsets. Also, prediction module 81 may implementany one or more of the sets of example pseudo code described above toimplement one or more example techniques described in this disclosure.

In some examples, prediction module 81 may construct the initialreference picture lists in the manner described above. In some examples,no reordering of the pictures to be included in the initial referencepicture lists is needed. Also, prediction module 81 may construct thereference picture lists in such a manner that there are no non-completedentries in the reference picture lists. In some examples, predictionmodule 81 may also modify the initial reference picture lists in themanner described above to construct the modified reference picture list.Furthermore, in some examples, prediction module 81 may implement theremoval of decoded pictures from DPB 94 in the manner described above.Moreover, in some examples, prediction module 81 may be configured todetermine which long-term reference pictures belong to the referencepicture set for the current picture in the manner described above.

In other examples, a unit other than prediction module 81 may implementthe examples described above. In some other examples, prediction module81 in conjunction with one or more other units of video decoder 30 mayimplement the examples described above. In yet some other examples, aprocessor or unit of video decoder 30 (not shown in FIG. 4) may, aloneor in conjunction with other units of video decoder 30, implement theexamples described above.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating an example operation of deriving areference picture set. For purposes of illustration only, the method ofFIG. 5 may be performed by a video coder corresponding to either videoencoder 20 or video decoder 30. For example, a video coder (e.g., videoencoder 20 or video decoder 30) may code (e.g., encode or decode)information indicative of reference pictures that belong to a referencepicture set (94). The reference picture set may identify the referencepictures that can potentially be used for inter-predicting a currentpicture and for inter-predicting one or more pictures following thecurrent picture in decoding order.

For example, when video encoder 20 performs step 94, video encoder 20may encode values that indicate identifiers for the reference picturesthat belong to the reference picture set. For example, video encoder 20may signal in the bitstream the pic_order_cnt_lsb syntax element, andthe log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4 syntax element. When videodecoder 30 performs step 94, from the log 2_max_pic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4syntax element, video decoder 30 may determine the value ofMaxPicOrderCntLsb. Video decoder 30 may then determine the identifiers(e.g., the POC values) for the reference pictures that belong to thereference picture set.

The video coder may construct a plurality of reference picture subsetsthat each identifies zero or more of the reference pictures (96). Forexample, the video coder may construct the RefPicSetStCurr0,RefPicSetStCurr1, RefPicSetStFoll0, RefPicSetStFoll1, RefPicSetLtCurr,and the RefPicSetLtFoll reference picture subsets. However, aspects ofthis disclosure are not so limited. In some examples, the video codermay construct five reference picture subsets, four of which may be fourof the RefPicSetStCurr0, RefPicSetStCurr1, RefPicSetStFoll0,RefPicSetStFoll1, RefPicSetLtCurr, and the RefPicSetLtFoll referencepicture subsets, and the fifth may be a combination of two of theremaining six reference picture subsets (e.g., a combination of theRefPicSetFoll0 and the RefPicSetFoll1 reference picture subsets).

In some examples, the video coder may construct at least two of thefollowing four reference picture subsets. In other examples, the videocoder may construct at least the following four reference picturesubsets. The first reference picture subset may identify short-termreference pictures that are prior to the current picture in decodingorder and prior to the current picture in output order and that canpotentially be used for inter-predicting the current picture and one ormore of the one or more pictures following the current picture indecoding order. The second reference picture subset may identifyshort-term reference pictures that are prior to the current picture indecoding order and subsequent to the current picture in output order andthat can potentially be used for inter-predicting the current pictureand one or more of the one or more pictures following the currentpicture in decoding order.

The third reference picture subset may identify long-term referencepictures that are prior to the current picture in decoding order andthat can potentially be used for inter-predicting the current pictureand one or more of the one or more pictures following the currentpicture in decoding order. The fourth reference picture subset mayidentify long-term reference pictures that are prior to the currentpicture in decoding order and that cannot be used for inter-predictingthe current picture, and can potentially be used for inter-predictingone or more of the one or more pictures following the current picture indecoding order.

The video coder may derive the reference picture set from the pluralityof reference picture subsets (98). For example, the video coder mayorder at least two of the RefPicSetStCurr0, RefPicSetStCurr1,RefPicSetStFoll0, RefPicSetStFoll1, RefPicSetLtCurr, and theRefPicSetLtFoll reference picture subsets in a particular order toderive the reference picture set.

In some examples, the ordering performed by the video code may mean thatthe pictures in each of the reference picture subsets may be identifiedsequentially within the reference picture set. In these examples, thevideo coder may reference the reference pictures in the referencepicture set by an index value into the reference picture set.

The video coder may code the current picture based on the derivedreference picture set (100). It should be understood that because thevideo coder derives the reference picture set from the reference picturesubsets, the video coder may be considered as coding the current picturebased on the plurality of reference picture subsets. For example, thevideo coder may construct at least one of a first reference picture listand a second reference picture list based on the plurality of referencepicture subsets (e.g., from the derived reference picture set which isderived from the plurality of reference picture subsets). The videocoder may then code the current picture based on at least one of thefirst reference picture list and the second reference picture list.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating an example operation of constructinga reference picture list. For purposes of illustration only, the methodof FIG. 6 may be performed by a video coder corresponding to eithervideo encoder 20 or video decoder 30. Similar to FIG. 5, the video codermay code information indicative of reference pictures (102), andconstruct plurality of reference picture subsets (104).

The video coder may then add reference pictures from reference picturesubsets, into an initial reference picture list, to construct theinitial reference picture list (106). In some examples, both videoencoder 20 and video decoder 30 may construct the initial referencepicture list. For example, video encoder 20 may construct the initialreference picture list to create the reconstructed video blocks forstoring in DPB 64. Video decoder 30 may construct the initial referencepicture list as part of its decoding process, and may implement adefault construction technique in which video decoder 30 does not needto receive information from video encoder 20 regarding the manner inwhich to construct the initial reference picture list.

In some examples, to construct the initial reference picture list, thevideo coder may add reference pictures from a first subset of theplurality of reference picture subsets into the initial referencepicture list, followed by reference pictures from a second subset intothe initial reference picture list, and then followed by referencepictures from a third subset into the initial reference picture list.The video coder may add reference pictures from these reference picturesubsets so long as the total number of reference pictures listed in theinitial reference picture list is not greater than the maximum number ofallowable entries in the initial reference picture list. For example, ifat any time during the adding of the reference pictures in the referencepicture list, the number of entries in the initial reference picturelist becomes equal to the maximum number of allowable initial referencelist entries, the video coder may stop adding any additional pictures inthe initial reference picture list.

The video coder may similarly construct another initial referencepicture list, such as in examples where the video block of the currentpicture is bi-predicted. In this example, to construct this anotherinitial reference picture list, the video coder may add referencepictures from the second subset into the another initial referencepicture list, followed by reference pictures from the first subset intothe another initial reference picture list, and then followed byreference pictures from the third subset into the another initialreference picture list so long as the total number of entries in thisanother initial reference picture list is not greater than the allowablenumber of entries. In these examples, the first subset may be theRefPicSetStCurr0 reference picture subset, the second subset may be theRefPicSetStCurr1 reference picture subset, and the third subset may bethe RefPicSetLtCurr reference picture subset.

In some example, to add reference pictures identified in theRefPicSetStCurr0, RefPicSetStCurr1, and the RefPicSetLtCurr referencepicture subsets, the video coder may code (e.g., encode or decode)syntax elements from which the video coder may determine the number ofreference pictures in each of these reference picture subsets. Forexample, the video coder may code a num_short_term_curr0 syntax elementand a num_short_term_curr1 syntax element. The num_short_term_curr0syntax element and the num_short_term_curr1 syntax element may indicatethe number of reference pictures identified in the RefPicSetStCurr0reference picture subset and the RefPicSetStCurr1 reference picturesubset, respectively.

The video coder may also code a num_long_term_pps_curr syntax element,and a num_long_term_add_curr syntax element. The num_long_term_pps_currsyntax element may indicate a number of long-term reference pictureswhose identification is included in a picture parameter set (PPS), andthe num_long_term_add_curr syntax element may indicate a number oflong-term reference pictures whose identification information is notincluded in the PPS. In this example, these long-term reference picturescan potentially be used for inter-predicting the current picture and canpotentially be used for inter-predicting one or more pictures followingthe current picture in decoding order.

The video coder may determine the number of reference pictures in theRefPicSetLtCurr reference picture subset based on thenum_long_term_pps_curr syntax element and the num_long_term_add_currsyntax element. For example, the video coder may sum the values of thenum_long_term_pps_curr syntax element and the num_long_term_add_currsyntax element to determine the number of reference pictures in theRefPicSetLtCurr reference picture subset.

The video coder may code the current picture based on the referencepicture list or lists (108). For instance, the video coder may constructat least one of a first reference picture list and a second referencepicture list based on the derived reference picture set. The video codermay then code the current picture based on at least one of the firstreference picture list and the second reference picture list.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating another example operation ofconstructing a reference picture list. For purposes of illustrationonly, the method of FIG. 7 may be performed by a video codercorresponding to either video encoder 20 or video decoder 30. Similar toFIG. 5, the video coder may code information indicative of referencepictures (110), and construct plurality of reference picture subsets(112). The video coder may add the reference pictures into a first setof entries of a reference picture list (114). For example, the number ofentries in the reference picture list may equal the maximum number ofallowable entries as defined by the num_ref_idx_l0_active_minus1 or thenum_ref_idx_l1_active_minus1 syntax elements.

In this example, the video coder may list (e.g., add) into the first setof entries the reference pictures identified in the RefPicSetStCurr0,RefPicSetStCurr1, and RefPicSetLtCurr reference picture subsets. Forexample, for List 0, the video coder may add into the first set ofentries of List 0, in order, the reference pictures identified in theRefPicSetStCurr0, RefPicSetStCurr1, and RefPicSetLtCurr referencepicture subsets. For List 1, the video coder may add into the first setof entries of List 1, in order, the reference pictures identified in theRefPicSetStCurr1, RefPicSetStCurr0, and RefPicSetLtCurr referencepicture subsets.

The video coder may then determine whether the number of entries in thereference picture list is equal to a maximum number of allowable entriesin the reference picture list (116). If the number of entries in thereference picture list is not less than the maximum number of allowableentries (“NO” of 116), the video coder may code the current picturebased on the reference picture list (118).

Otherwise, if the number of entries in the reference picture list isless than the maximum number of allowable entries (“YES” of 116), thevideo coder may relist (e.g., re-identify or re-add) one or morereference pictures from at least one of the reference picture subsetsinto entries in the reference picture list that are subsequent to thefirst set of entries (120). For example, the video coder may add one ormore reference pictures identified in the RefPicSetStCurr0 referencepicture subset into List 0 in entries subsequent to the first set ofentries in List 0, or one or more reference pictures identified inRefPicSetStCurr1 reference picture subset into List 1 in entriessubsequent to the first set of entries in List 1. In this manner, thevideo coder may identify at least one reference picture of the firstreference picture subset in more than one entry in the reference picturelist.

The video coder may then determine whether the number of entries in thereference picture list is equal to a maximum number of allowable entriesin the reference picture list (122). If the number of entries in thereference picture list is not less than the maximum number of allowableentries (“NO” of 122), the video coder may code the current picturebased on the reference picture list (124).

Otherwise, if the number of entries in the reference picture list isless than the maximum number of allowable entries (“YES” of 122), thevideo coder may relist (e.g., re-identify or re-add) one or morereference pictures from at least one of the reference picture subsetsinto entries in the reference picture list that are subsequent to thefirst set of entries (120). For example, in this situation, the videocoder may re-add additional reference pictures identified in the firstreference picture subset. If, the video coder already re-added all ofthe reference pictures in the first reference picture subset, the videocoder may re-add one or more reference pictures from the secondreference picture subset (e.g., the RefPicSetStCurr0 reference picturesubset for List 0, or the RefPicSetStCurr1 reference picture subset forList 1). This process may repeat until the number of entries in thereference picture list is not less than the maximum number of allowableentries (“NO” of 122).

In this manner, when the number of entries in the reference picture listis not equal to the maximum number of allowable entries in the referencepicture list, the video coder may repeatedly relist (e.g., re-identifyor re-add) one or more reference pictures from at least one of thereference picture subsets into entries in the reference picture listthat are subsequent to the first set of entries until the number ofentries in the reference picture list is equal to the maximum number ofallowable entries in the reference picture list. This may result in thevideo coder listing reference pictures in entries of the referencepicture list such that each entry of the reference picture listidentifies one of the reference pictures, and such that at least twoentries of the reference picture list identify a same reference pictureof the reference pictures.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating an example operation of modifying aninitial reference picture list. For purposes of illustration only, themethod of FIG. 8 may be performed by a video coder corresponding toeither video encoder 20 or video decoder 30. Similar to FIG. 6, thevideo coder may code information indicative of reference pictures (126),and construct plurality of reference picture subsets (128). Theplurality of reference picture subsets may include the RefPicSetStCurr0,RefPicSetStCurr1, and the RefPicSetLtCurr reference picture subsets. Thevideo coder may construct an initial reference picture list in themanner described above based on the RefPicSetStCurr0, RefPicSetStCurr1,and the RefPicSetLtCurr reference picture subsets (130).

The video coder may determine whether reference picture listmodification is needed (132). For example, the video coder may codesyntax elements such as the ref_pic_list_modification_flag_l0 and theref_pic_list_modification_flag_l1 that indicate whether the initial List0 or the initial List 1 needs to be modified. If modification of theinitial reference picture list is not needed (“NO” of 132), the videocoder may code the current picture based on the initial referencepicture list (134).

If modification is needed (“YES” of 132), the video coder may identify areference picture in at least one of the constructed reference picturesubsets (136). For example, the video coder may code themodification_of_ref_pic_idc syntax element. The value of themodification_of_ref_pic_idc syntax element may indicate which referencepicture subset the video coder is to utilize to identify the referencepicture. The video coder may also code the ref_pic_set_idx syntaxelement that indicates the index into the reference picture subset whichthe video coder is to utilize to identify the reference picture.

The video coder may list (e.g., add or identify) the identifiedreference picture in the initial reference picture list at a currententry to construct the modified reference picture list (138). Thecurrent entry may initially the entry in the initial reference picturelist defined by the index 0. For each instance of themodification_of_ref_pic_idc syntax element in the coded bitstream wherethe value of the modification_of_ref_pic_idc syntax element is not 3,the video coder may increment the value of the initial entry by one(e.g., the next value of the entry will be defined by the index 1). Thevideo coder may code the current picture based on the modified referencepicture list (140).

FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an example operation of decodedpicture removal. For purposes of illustration only, the method of FIG. 8may be performed by a video coder corresponding to either video encoder20 or video decoder 30. Similar to FIG. 5, a video coder (e.g., videoencode 20 or video decoder 30) may code (e.g., encode or decode)information indicative of reference pictures of a reference picture set(142), and may derive the reference picture set from the coded (e.g.,encoded or decoded) information (144).

The video coder may determine whether a decoded picture stored in adecoded picture buffer (DPB) is not needed for output (i.e., outputtedalready or not intended to be outputted) and is not identified in thereference picture set (146). If the decoded picture is needed for outputor is identified in the reference picture set (“NO” of 146), the videocoder may not remove the decoded from the DPB, and may keep the decodedpicture stored in the DPB (148).

When the decoded picture has been outputted and is not identified in thereference picture set (“YES” of 146), the video coder may remove thedecoded picture from the DPB (150). The video coder may then code thecurrent picture after removing the decoded picture (152).

As described above, the video coder may construct a reference picturelist based on the reference picture set for coding the current picture.In some examples, the video coder may remove the decoded picture fromthe DPB after constructing the reference picture list. Moreover, for theoutputted decoded picture, the video coder may determine a time when tooutput the decoded picture, and may output the decoded picture based onthe determined time and prior to coding the current picture.

In some examples, the video coder may store the coded (e.g., decoded)picture in the DPB. In some examples, the video coder may determine thatthe DPB is full prior to the storage. In these examples, the video codermay select a decoded picture currently stored in the DPB that is markedas “needed for output” and having a smallest picture order count (POC)value of all decoded pictures stored in the DPB. The video coder maythen output the selected picture. Furthermore, the video coder maydetermine that the outputted picture is not included in the referencepicture set of the current picture. In this case, the video coder mayempty a buffer within the DPB that stored the outputted picture, and maystore the coded picture in that buffer within the DPB.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating an example operation of determiningwhich long-term reference pictures belong to the reference picture setof a current picture. For purposes of illustration only, the method ofFIG. 10 may be performed by a video coder corresponding to either videoencoder 20 or video decoder 30.

The video coder (e.g., video encode 20 or video decoder 30) may codesyntax elements that indicate candidate long-term reference picturesidentified in a parameter set (154). In some examples, one or more ofthe candidate long-term reference pictures belong in a reference pictureset of the current picture. In accordance with the techniques describedin this disclosure, the parameter set may be sequence parameter set orthe picture parameter set. In some examples, to code the syntax elementsthat indicate candidate long-term reference pictures, the video codermay code a list of POC values for the candidate long-term referencepictures in the parameter set, and code an index value to the list inthe slice header of the current picture.

The video coder may code syntax elements that indicate which candidatelong-term reference pictures, identified in the parameter set, belong inthe reference picture set of the current picture (156). For example, thevideo coder may code in the slice header of the current picture thesyntax elements that indicate which candidate long-term referencepictures belong in the reference picture set.

In some examples, not all long-term reference pictures that belong inthe reference picture set are included in the candidate long-termreference pictures. In these examples, the video coder may further codesyntax elements that indicate long-term reference pictures that belongin the reference picture set (158). The video coder may then constructat least one of the plurality of reference picture subsets based on theindication of which candidate long-term reference pictures belong in thereference picture set of the current picture (160).

In the above examples, various examples are described, along withpossible alternatives to the examples. The following describes someadditional alternatives to the examples, which may be considered asalternative examples to one or more of the examples described above.Furthermore, these alternative examples may be used in conjunction withthe examples described above, or separate from the examples describedabove.

For example, already described above are alternative examples for thereference picture set concept, alternative examples for signaling ofreference picture set in the parameter sets, alternative examples ofsubsets of the reference picture set, and alternative examples forreference picture marking. The following provides additional alternativeexamples.

For instance, for the NAL unit header, in the above examples, the NALunit header syntax may include the nal_ref_idc, temporal_id, andoutput_flag syntax elements. In one alternative example, nal_ref_idc (2bits) is replaced with nal_ref_flag (1 bit). In this example,nal_ref_flag equal to 1 has the semantics as nal_ref_idc greater than 0,and nal_ref_flag equal to 0 has the same semantics as nal_ref_idc equalto 0. In one alternative example, nal_ref_idc (2 bits) is removed. Thedefinition of reference picture may be changed to: A picture thatcontains samples that may be used for inter prediction in the decodingprocess of subsequent pictures in decoding order. In one alternativeexample, temporal_id is not present in the NAL unit header syntax, andthe value is derived to be the same for all pictures. In one alternativeexample, output_flag is not present in the NAL unit header syntax, andthe value is derived to be equal to 1 for all pictures.

For picture order count signaling and calculation, the above techniquesmay employ one way of signaling and calculation of picture order countthat may be similar to the picture order count type 0 in AVC. Twoalternative ways for signaling and calculation of picture order count,same as the picture order count types 1 and 2 in AVC, respectively, canbe applied. Any combination of two of the three ways, or the combinationof all three ways may also be applied.

For picture identification, the above techniques may utilize the pictureorder count (POC) value for picture identification. In one alternativeexample, temporal reference (TR) is used as picture identification. Oneway of defining TR is that it is the same as POC when POC is restrictedsuch that the POC difference between any two pictures is proportional topresentation time or sampling time difference. In one alternativeexample, frame_num which indicates decoding order (whereas POC indicatesoutput or display order), or a variable (e.g., named UnWrappedFrameNum)which may be any value of a 32-bit unsigned integer values, derived fromframe_num may be used as picture identification. Basically,UnWrappedFrameNum may be the un-wrapped version of frame_num. Forexample, if frame_num is represented by 8 bits, the maximum value offrame_num is 255. The next value after 255 for frame_num is 0. The valueof UnWrappedFrameNum continues to increase at positions whereinframe_num wraps to 0.

For signaling long-term reference pictures in parameter sets, in theabove examples, video encoder 20 may signal a list of absolute long-termreference picture identification information in the picture parameterset, may signal information on the length, in bit, of the absolutelong-term reference picture identification information, and the index tothe list may be referenced in the slice header, thus to reduce thesignaling overhead. In one alternative example, a list of differentiallong-term reference picture identification information may be signaledin the sequence parameter set and the index to the list may bereferenced in the slice header, thus to reduce the signaling overhead.In one alternative example, information on the length, in bits, of theabsolute long-term reference picture identification information may besignaled, but the length may be considered as a constant, e.g., 32. Invarious examples, a combination of any of the above examples is applied.

For signaling of short-term reference pictures, in the above examples,for short-term reference pictures in the reference picture set of acoded picture, either all are signaled in the referred picture parameterset, or all are signaled in the slice header. In one alternativeexample, for short-term reference pictures in the reference picture setof a coded picture, some are signaled in the referred picture parameterset, and others are signaled in the slice header.

For reference picture list initialization, in one alternative example,in the reference picture list initialization process, firstly short-termreference pictures may be added into a list, and secondly, optionally,the long-term reference pictures may be added into the list. After that,if the number of entries in the reference picture list (eitherRefPicList0 or RefPicList1) is still less than the value ofnum_ref_idx_lx_active_minus1+1 (lx being l1 or l1), the remainingentries may be marked as “no reference picture”. In one alternativeexample, it may also be possible if the reference picture list is stillnot complete after adding the entries in RefPicSetStCurr0 andRefPicSetStCurr1 and possibly the long term reference pictures, thepictures in the RefPicSetStFoll0 and/or RefPicSetStFoll1 may be added.In one alternative example, the reference picture list initializationprocess may only add short-term reference pictures in a referencepicture list. In such a case, a long-term reference picture may only beadded to a reference picture list by using reference picture listmodification commands as signaled in Reference Picture List Modification(RPLM) syntax table.

For reference picture list modification, in one alternative example,reference picture list modification may also signal the ref_pic_set_idxin a differential fashion, wherein the previous index is used as apredictor of the current index. In this example, differentmodification_of_ref_pic_idc values may correspond to a differentindexing categories (RefPicSetStCurrx for RefPicListx, RefPicSetStCurrxfor RefPicList(1−x), or RefPicSetLtCurr), each of which maintain adifferent predictor. A predictor may be updated once a syntax elementbelonging to the same category is just parsed. In one alternativeexample, reference picture list modifications may be based on thepicture number difference. In one alternative example, reference picturelist modifications may be based on the POC values difference.

For decoded picture buffer (DPB) operations, in the above example, afterdecoding of the current picture and before parsing a slice header of thenext coded picture in decoding order, the current decoded picture isstored in the DPB. In one alternative example, after decoding of thecurrent picture and before parsing a slice header of the next codedpicture in decoding order, the current decoded picture is stored in atemporary memory (not in the DPB). It is stored into the DPB afterparsing a slice header of the next coded picture in decoding order andconstruction of the reference picture set of that picture, if it isstill needed for reference or for output. At this moment, if it isneeded neither for reference nor for output, the decoded picture may besimply discarded (from the temporary buffer).

Also, in the above examples, removal of a decoded picture from the DPBoccurs immediately after parsing a slice header of the current pictureand before decoding any slice of the current picture. In one alternativeexample, marking, if present, and removal of a decoded picture from theDPB occurs after the current picture is entirely decoded.

In the above examples, the subsets RefPicSetStCurr0 and RefPicSetStCurr1of the reference picture set for the current picture are derived for alldecoded pictures. However, this may not be necessary for intra picture.For intra picture reference picture set derivation, in one alternativeexample, for a non-IDR picture that is intra coded (i.e., all slice ofthe coded picture are I slices), RefPicSetStCurr0 and RefPicSetStCurr1are not derived, as even they are not empty after being derived, theyare not needed in decoding of the coded picture. Allowing non-emptyRefPicSetStCurr0 or RefPicSetStCurr1 for a non-IDR intra picture mayallow the sharing of an instance short_term_ref_pic_set( ) syntaxstructure of one or more inter-coded pictures, for whichRefPicSetStCurr0 and RefPicSetStCurr1 may not be both empty.

For loss detection, the following different methods for detection of theloss of a reference picture or early detection of whether the currentpicture can be correctly decoded may be possible. In various examples,after derivation of the reference picture set, video decoder 30 (e.g.,the decoder side) may check for the presence of reference picturesincluded in RefPicSetStCurr0, RefPicSetStCurr1 and RefPicSetLtCurr. Ifany of the reference pictures included in RefPicSetStCurr0,RefPicSetStCurr1 and RefPicSetLtCurr is not present in the DPB, thedecoder side may infer that that reference picture has been lost, andthat the current picture will likely not be correctly decoded, and maytake some action to improve the situation, e.g., by notifying theencoder side (e.g., video encoder 20) of the picture loss(es), and theencoder may retransmit the lost reference picture(s) or encoded the nextpicture(s) using only those reference pictures that are known correct atthe decoder side for inter prediction reference.

In various examples, after derivation of the reference picture set, thedecoder side may check the presence of reference pictures included inRefPicSetStFoll0, RefPicSetStFoll1 and RefPicSetLtFoll. If any of thereference pictures included in RefPicSetStFoll0, RefPicSetStFoll1 andRefPicSetLtFoll is not present in the DPB, the decoder side may inferthat that reference picture has been lost, and that some of thefollowing pictures in decoding order will likely not be correctlydecoded unless some actions are taken, and can take some action toremedy the situation, e.g., by notifying the encoder side of the pictureloss(es), and the encoder may retransmit the lost reference picture(s)or encoded the next picture(s) using only those reference pictures thatare known correct at the decoder side for inter prediction reference.

For encoder-side (e.g., video encoder 20) reference picture setcomposition, with the above examples, the following different methodsfor reference picture set composition at the encoder side may bepossible. For instance, in various examples, the encoder composes thereference picture set related syntax structures such that afterreference picture set derivation at the decoder side for the currentpicture: (1) RefPicSetStCurr0 includes and only includes theidentification information of all short-term reference pictures thathave earlier output order than the current picture and that are used forreference in inter prediction of the current picture, (2)RefPicSetStCurr1 includes and only includes the identificationinformation of all short-term reference pictures that have later outputorder than the current picture and that are used for reference in interprediction of the current picture, and (3) RefPicSetLtCurr includes andonly includes the identification information of all long-term referencepictures that are used for reference in inter prediction of the currentpicture.

In various examples, the encoder (e.g., video encoder 20) may composethe reference picture set related syntax structures such that afterreference picture set derivation at the decoder side for the currentpicture: (1) RefPicSetStCurr0 includes and only includes theidentification information of 1) all short-term reference pictures thathave earlier output order than the current picture and that are used forreference in inter prediction of the current picture, as well as 2) oneor more short-term reference picture that have earlier output order thanthe current picture and that are not used for reference in interprediction of the current picture, (2) RefPicSetStCurr1 includes andonly includes the identification information of 1) all short-termreference pictures that have later output order than the current pictureand that are used for reference in inter prediction of the currentpicture, as well as 2) one or more short-term reference picture thathave later output order than the current picture and that are not usedfor reference in inter prediction of the current picture, andRefPicSetLtCurr includes and only includes the identificationinformation of 1) all long-term reference pictures that are used forreference in inter prediction of the current picture, as well as 2) oneor more long-term reference pictures that are not used for reference ininter prediction of the current picture.

In this manner, the above individual techniques or any combinationthereof, including any combination of the alternate examples, mayprovide techniques related to the following. However, the below list isprovided for ease of understanding and should not be consideredlimiting. One or more of the above techniques may be implementedtogether or separately. Furthermore, the above techniques are examples,and should not be considered as limiting to those specific exampletechniques.

Restrictions on temporal_id for the reference picture set, such that theDPB management methods suit well for temporal scalability, signalingoverhead may be reduced, and a simple bitstream extraction process forcleanly extracted bitstream subsets may be enabled.

Long-term reference picture subsets signaled in the picture parameterset and the index may be included in the slice header. This may provideefficient signaling of long-term pictures.

Separation of reference picture set to various subsets, including theseparation for the current picture or for the following pictures indecoding order, the separation for those having earlier or later outputorder than the current picture. These may provide improved efficiencyand reduced complexity for reference list initialization and referencepicture list modification.

Double-differential coding in short-term picture identificationsignaling may provide improved efficiency. Extended and restrictedlong-term picture identification may provide improved efficiency andflexibility. Simplified reference picture list initialization may removethe need of the marking of “no reference picture” for non-completedentries in a reference picture list; however, this may not be requiredin all examples.

Simplified processes for decoded picture output, insertion into andremoval from the DPB. Picture order count (POC) may be negative. Thismay enable some important use cases which may not have been allowed ifPOC cannot be negative. The signaling of whether a picture is referencepicture is not needed in the decoding process may not be needed, thoughit may still possibly be signaled. The markings of reference pictures as“unused for reference” may not be needed any more.

In one or more examples, the functions described may be implemented inhardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implementedin software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over, as oneor more instructions or code, a computer-readable medium and executed bya hardware-based processing unit. Computer-readable media may includecomputer-readable storage media, which corresponds to a tangible mediumsuch as data storage media, or communication media including any mediumthat facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place toanother, e.g., according to a communication protocol. In this manner,computer-readable media generally may correspond to (1) tangiblecomputer-readable storage media which is non-transitory or (2) acommunication medium such as a signal or carrier wave. Data storagemedia may be any available media that can be accessed by one or morecomputers or one or more processors to retrieve instructions, codeand/or data structures for implementation of the techniques described inthis disclosure. A computer program product may include acomputer-readable medium.

By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable storagemedia can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical diskstorage, magnetic disk storage, or other magnetic storage devices, flashmemory, or any other medium that can be used to store desired programcode in the form of instructions or data structures and that can beaccessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed acomputer-readable medium. For example, if instructions are transmittedfrom a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable,fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), orwireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then thecoaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wirelesstechnologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in thedefinition of medium. It should be understood, however, thatcomputer-readable storage media and data storage media do not includeconnections, carrier waves, signals, or other transient media, but areinstead directed to non-transient, tangible storage media. Disk anddisc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, opticaldisc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc, wheredisks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce dataoptically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be includedwithin the scope of computer-readable media.

Instructions may be executed by one or more processors, such as one ormore digital signal processors (DSPs), general purpose microprocessors,application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmablelogic arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logiccircuitry. Accordingly, the term “processor,” as used herein may referto any of the foregoing structure or any other structure suitable forimplementation of the techniques described herein. In addition, in someaspects, the functionality described herein may be provided withindedicated hardware and/or software modules configured for encoding anddecoding, or incorporated in a combined codec. Also, the techniquescould be fully implemented in one or more circuits or logic elements.

The techniques of this disclosure may be implemented in a wide varietyof devices or apparatuses, including a wireless handset, an integratedcircuit (IC) or a set of ICs (e.g., a chip set). Various components,modules, or units are described in this disclosure to emphasizefunctional aspects of devices configured to perform the disclosedtechniques, but do not necessarily require realization by differenthardware units. Rather, as described above, various units may becombined in a codec hardware unit or provided by a collection ofinteroperative hardware units, including one or more processors asdescribed above, in conjunction with suitable software and/or firmware.

Various examples have been described. These and other examples arewithin the scope of the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for encoding video data, the methodcomprising: encoding information indicative of reference pictures thatare part of a reference picture set, wherein the reference picture setidentifies the reference pictures that can potentially be used forinter-predicting a current picture and can potentially be used forinter-predicting one or more pictures following the current picture indecoding order; constructing a plurality of reference picture subsetsthat each identifies zero or more of the reference pictures of thereference picture set, wherein the plurality of reference picturesubsets comprises: a first reference picture subset that identifiesshort-term reference pictures that are prior to the current picture indecoding order and prior to the current picture in output order; asecond reference picture subset that identifies short-term referencepictures that are prior to the current picture in decoding order andsubsequent to the current picture in output order; and a third referencepicture subset that identifies long-term reference pictures that areprior to the current picture in decoding order; determining if a numberof entries in a first reference picture list is less than a maximumnumber of allowable entries in the first reference picture list; inresponse to determining that the number of entries in the firstreference picture list is less than the maximum number of allowableentries in the first reference picture list, adding a reference picturefrom one of: the first reference picture subset, the second referencepicture subset, and the third reference picture subset into the firstreference picture list; determining if the number of entries in thefirst reference picture list is less than the maximum number ofallowable entries in the first reference picture list; in response todetermining that the number of entries in the first reference picturelist is less than the maximum number of allowable entries in the firstreference picture list, repeatedly adding one or more reference picturesfrom at least one of the first reference picture subset, secondreference picture subset, and third reference picture subset into thefirst reference picture list until the number of entries in the firstreference picture list is not less than the maximum number of allowableentries in the first reference picture list; determining if a number ofentries in a second reference picture list is less than a maximum numberof allowable entries in the second reference picture list; in responseto determining that the number of entries in the second referencepicture list is less than the maximum number of allowable entries in thesecond reference picture list, adding a reference picture from one of:the first reference picture subset, the second reference picture subset,and the third reference picture subset into the second reference picturelist; determining if a number of entries in a second reference picturelist is less than a maximum number of allowable entries in the secondreference picture list; in response to determining that the number ofentries in the second reference picture list is less than the maximumnumber of allowable entries in the second reference picture list,repeatedly adding one or more reference pictures from at least one ofthe first reference picture subset, second reference picture subset, andthird reference picture subset into the second reference picture listuntil the number of entries in the second reference picture list is notless than the maximum number of allowable entries in the secondreference picture list; and encoding the current picture based on thefirst reference picture list and the second reference picture list. 2.The method of claim 1, wherein repeatedly adding the one or morereference pictures into the first reference picture list comprisesidentifying at least one reference picture of the first referencepicture subset in more than one entry in the first reference picturelist.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein repeatedly adding the one ormore reference pictures into the first reference picture list comprisesadding reference pictures in entries of the first reference picture listsuch that each entry of the first reference picture list identifies oneof the reference pictures, and such that at least two entries of thefirst reference picture list identify a same reference picture of thereference pictures.
 4. A device for encoding video data, the devicecomprising a video encoder configured to: encode information indicativeof reference pictures that are part of a reference picture set, whereinthe reference picture set identifies the reference pictures that canpotentially be used for inter-predicting a current picture and canpotentially be used for inter-predicting one or more pictures followingthe current picture in decoding order; construct a plurality ofreference picture subsets that each identifies zero or more of thereference pictures of the reference picture set, wherein the pluralityof reference picture subsets comprises: a first reference picture subsetthat identifies short-term reference pictures that are prior to thecurrent picture in decoding order and prior to the current picture inoutput order; a second reference picture subset that identifiesshort-term reference pictures that are prior to the current picture indecoding order and subsequent to the current picture in output order;and a third reference picture subset that identifies long-term referencepictures that are prior to the current picture in decoding order;determine if a number of entries in a first reference picture list isless than a maximum number of allowable entries in the first referencepicture list; in response to determining that the number of entries inthe first reference picture list is less than the maximum number ofallowable entries in the first reference picture list, add a referencepicture from one of: the first reference picture subset, the secondreference picture subset, and the third reference picture subset intothe first reference picture list; determine if the number of entries inthe first reference picture list is less than the maximum number ofallowable entries in the first reference picture list; in response todetermining that the number of entries in the first reference picturelist is less than the maximum number of allowable entries in the firstreference picture list, repeatedly add one or more reference picturesfrom at least one of the first reference picture subset, secondreference picture subset, and third reference picture subset into thefirst reference picture list until the number of entries in the firstreference picture list is not less than the maximum number of allowableentries in the first reference picture list; determine if a number ofentries in a second reference picture list is less than a maximum numberof allowable entries in the second reference picture list; in responseto determining that the number of entries in the second referencepicture list is less than the maximum number of allowable entries in thesecond reference picture list, add a reference picture from one of: thefirst reference picture subset, the second reference picture subset, andthe third reference picture subset into the second reference picturelist; determine if the number of entries in the second reference picturelist is less than the maximum number of allowable entries in the secondreference picture list; in response to determining that the number ofentries in the second reference picture list is less than the maximumnumber of allowable entries in the second reference picture list,repeatedly add one or more reference pictures from at least one of thefirst reference picture subset, second reference picture subset, andthird reference picture subset into the second reference picture listuntil the number of entries in the second reference picture list is notless than the maximum number of allowable entries in the secondreference picture list; and encode the current picture based on thefirst reference picture list and the second reference picture list. 5.The device of claim 6, wherein to repeatedly add the one or morereference pictures in the first reference picture list, the videoencoder is configured to identify at least one reference picture of thefirst reference picture subset in more than one entry in the firstreference picture list.
 6. The device of claim 6, wherein to repeatedlyadd the one or more reference pictures in the first reference picturelist, the video encoder is configured to add reference pictures inentries of the first reference picture list such that each entry of thefirst reference picture list identifies one of the reference pictures,and such that at least two entries of the first reference picture listidentify a same reference picture of the reference pictures.
 7. Thedevice of claim 6, wherein the device comprises one of: a wirelesscommunication device; a microprocessor; and an integrated circuit.
 8. Amethod for decoding video data, the method comprising: decodinginformation indicative of reference pictures that are part of areference picture set, wherein the reference picture set identifies thereference pictures that can potentially be used for inter-predicting acurrent picture and can potentially be used for inter-predicting one ormore pictures following the current picture in decoding order;constructing a plurality of reference picture subsets that eachidentifies zero or more of the reference pictures of the referencepicture set, wherein the plurality of reference picture subsetscomprises: a first reference picture subset that identifies short-termreference pictures that are prior to the current picture in decodingorder and prior to the current picture in output order; a secondreference picture subset that identifies short-term reference picturesthat are prior to the current picture in decoding order and subsequentto the current picture in output order; and a third reference picturesubset that identifies long-term reference pictures that are prior tothe current picture in decoding order; determining if a number ofentries in a first reference picture list is less than a maximum numberof allowable entries in the first reference picture list; in response todetermining that the number of entries in the first reference picturelist is less than the maximum number of allowable entries in the firstreference picture list, adding a reference picture from one of: thefirst reference picture subset, the second reference picture subset, andthe third reference picture subset into the first reference picturelist; determining if the number of entries in the first referencepicture list is less than the maximum number of allowable entries in thefirst reference picture list; in response to determining that the numberof entries in the first reference picture list is less than the maximumnumber of allowable entries in the first reference picture list,repeatedly adding one or more reference pictures from at least one ofthe first reference picture subset, second reference picture subset, andthird reference picture subset into the first reference picture listuntil the number of entries in the first reference picture list is notless than the maximum number of allowable entries in the first referencepicture list; determining if a number of entries in a second referencepicture list is less than a maximum number of allowable entries in thesecond reference picture list; in response to determining that thenumber of entries in the second reference picture list is less than themaximum number of allowable entries in the second reference picturelist, adding a reference picture from one of: the first referencepicture subset, the second reference picture subset, and the thirdreference picture subset into the second reference picture list;determining if a number of entries in a second reference picture list isless than a maximum number of allowable entries in the second referencepicture list; in response to determining that the number of entries inthe second reference picture list is less than the maximum number ofallowable entries in the second reference picture list, repeatedlyadding one or more reference pictures from at least one of the firstreference picture subset, second reference picture subset, and thirdreference picture subset into the second reference picture list untilthe number of entries in the second reference picture list is not lessthan the maximum number of allowable entries in the second referencepicture list; and decoding the current picture based on the firstreference picture list and the second reference picture list.
 9. Themethod of claim 8, wherein repeatedly adding the one or more referencepictures into the first reference picture list comprises identifying atleast one reference picture of the first reference picture subset inmore than one entry in the first reference picture list.
 10. The methodof claim 8, wherein repeatedly adding the one or more reference picturesinto the first reference picture list comprises adding referencepictures in entries of the first reference picture list such that eachentry of the first reference picture list identifies one of thereference pictures, and such that at least two entries of the firstreference picture list identify a same reference picture of thereference pictures.
 11. A device for decoding video data, the devicecomprising a video decoder configured to: decode information indicativeof reference pictures that are part of a reference picture set, whereinthe reference picture set identifies the reference pictures that canpotentially be used for inter-predicting a current picture and canpotentially be used for inter-predicting one or more pictures followingthe current picture in decoding order; construct a plurality ofreference picture subsets that each identifies zero or more of thereference pictures of the reference picture set, wherein the pluralityof reference picture subsets comprises: a first reference picture subsetthat identifies short-term reference pictures that are prior to thecurrent picture in decoding order and prior to the current picture inoutput order; a second reference picture subset that identifiesshort-term reference pictures that are prior to the current picture indecoding order and subsequent to the current picture in output order;and a third reference picture subset that identifies long-term referencepictures that are prior to the current picture in decoding order;determine if a number of entries in a first reference picture list isless than a maximum number of allowable entries in the first referencepicture list; in response to determining that the number of entries inthe first reference picture list is less than the maximum number ofallowable entries in the first reference picture list, add a referencepicture from one of: the first reference picture subset, the secondreference picture subset, and the third reference picture subset intothe first reference picture list; determine if the number of entries inthe first reference picture list is less than the maximum number ofallowable entries in the first reference picture list; in response todetermining that the number of entries in the first reference picturelist is less than the maximum number of allowable entries in the firstreference picture list, repeatedly add one or more reference picturesfrom at least one of the first reference picture subset, secondreference picture subset, and third reference picture subset into thefirst reference picture list until the number of entries in the firstreference picture list is not less than the maximum number of allowableentries in the first reference picture list; determine if a number ofentries in a second reference picture list is less than a maximum numberof allowable entries in the second reference picture list; in responseto determining that the number of entries in the second referencepicture list is less than the maximum number of allowable entries in thesecond reference picture list, add a reference picture from one of: thefirst reference picture subset, the second reference picture subset, andthe third reference picture subset into the second reference picturelist; determine if the number of entries in the second reference picturelist is less than the maximum number of allowable entries in the secondreference picture list; in response to determining that the number ofentries in the second reference picture list is less than the maximumnumber of allowable entries in the second reference picture list,repeatedly add one or more reference pictures from at least one of thefirst reference picture subset, second reference picture subset, andthird reference picture subset into the second reference picture listuntil the number of entries in the second reference picture list is notless than the maximum number of allowable entries in the secondreference picture list; and decode the current picture based on thefirst reference picture list and the second reference picture list. 12.The device of claim 11, wherein to repeatedly add the one or morereference pictures in the first reference picture list, the videodecoder is configured to identify at least one reference picture of thefirst reference picture subset in more than one entry in the firstreference picture list.
 13. The device of claim 11, wherein torepeatedly add the one or more reference pictures in the first referencepicture list, the video decoder is configured to add reference picturesin entries of the first reference picture list such that each entry ofthe first reference picture list identifies one of the referencepictures, and such that at least two entries of the first referencepicture list identify a same reference picture of the referencepictures.
 14. The device of claim 11, wherein the device comprises oneof: a wireless communication device; a microprocessor; and an integratedcircuit.